Iran's Deadly Ambition (33 page)

25
.
   
“Iran Telecoms: MTN Plans Mobile-Phone Roll-Out,” Economic Intelligence Unit, July 21, 2006.

26
.
   
Rubin,
Africa: Iran’s Final Frontier?

27
.
   
“SA-Iran Strengthen Ties,”
Fin24.com
, October 31, 2013,
http://www.fin24.com/Economy/South-Africa/SA-Iran-strengthen-ties-20131031
.

28
.
   
Fredrik Dahl, “South Africa Throws UN Nuclear Meeting on Iran into Disarray,” Reuters, September 13, 2012,
http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/09/13/us-nuclear-iran-iaea-idUSBRE88C0I620120913
.

29
.
   
“MTN ‘Set Up Arms Meetings with Iran,’ ”
City Press
(Johannesburg), June 9, 2012,
http://www.citypress.co.za/business/mtn-set-up-arms-meetings-with-iran-20120609/
; Steve Stecklow, “Special Report: Documents Detail How MTN Funneled U.S. Technology to Iran,” Reuters, August 30, 2012,
http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/08/30/us-mtn-iran-documents-idUSBRE87T05R20120830
.

30
.
   
Avi Jorisch, “MTN Has No Business Aiding Terror in Iran,”
Sunday Times
(South Africa), March 25, 2012,
http://www.avijorisch.com/10974/mtn-has-no-business-aiding-terror-in-iran
.

31
.
   
Bill Meyer, “Morocco’s King Mohammed VI Challenges Muslim World’s Holocaust Denial,”
Cleveland Plain Dealer
, July 25, 2009,
http://www.cleveland.com/world/index.ssf/2009/07/moroccos_king_mohammed_vi_chal.html
; “Morocco Severs Relations with Iran,” Al Jazeera (Doha), March 8, 2009,
http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2009/03/2009370303221419.html
.

32
.
   
See, for example, El Houssaine Naaim, “Morocco to Name New Ambassador to Iran, Resume Diplomatic Relations,”
Morocco-WorldNews.com
, December 22, 2014,
http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2014/12/147751/morocco-to-name-new-ambassador-to-iran-resume-diplomatic-relations/
.

33
.
   
Jeff Lefebvre, “Iran in the Horn of Africa: Outflanking U.S. Allies,”
Middle East Policy Journal
XIX, no. 2 (Summer 2012),
http://www.mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/iran-horn-africa-outflanking-us-allies
.

34
.
   
Ibid.

35
.
   
Rubin, “ ‘Forgotten’ Africa Turns to Iran as a Result of Western Neglect.”

36
.
   
Lefebvre, “Iran in the Horn of Africa.”

37
.
   
George Jahn, “Iran Hunts for Uranium Supplies, Finds Scrutiny,” Associated Press, February 24, 2011,
http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2011/02/24/iran_nuclear_capacity_zimbabwe
.

38
.
   
Vivienne Walt, “Is Iran Running Out of Uranium?”
Time
, April 27, 2010,
http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1984657,00.html
.

39
.
   
Ali Vaez and Karim Sadjadpour,
Iran’s Nuclear Odyssey: Costs and Risks
(Washington, DC: CEIP, 2013),
http://carnegieendowment.org/2013/04/02/iran-s-nuclear-odyssey-costs-and-risks#
.

40
.
   
“Report: Iran Seeking to Smuggle Raw Uranium,” Associated Press, December 29, 2009,
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/34622227/ns/world_news-mideast/n_africa/
.

41
.
   
Jahn, “Iran Hunts for Uranium Supplies, Finds Scrutiny.”

42
.
   
“List of Countries by Uranium Reserves,”
Wikipedia
, n.d.,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_uranium_reserves
.

43
.
   
Ibid.

44
.
   
“Why Iran Wants to Beef Up Zimbabwe’s Military,”
Christian Science Monitor
, March 12, 2012,
http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2012/0315/Why-Iran-wants-to-beef-up-Zimbabwe-s-military
.

45
.
   
“Zimbabwe Strikes Deal to Sell Uranium to Iran, According to Report,”
Telegraph
(London), August 10, 2013,
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/10234749/Zimbabwe-strikes-deal-to-sell-uranium-to-Iran-according-to-report.html
.

46
.
   
“US Warns Zim against Iran Uranium Deal,” News24, August 12, 2013,
http://m.news24.com/nigeria/Africa/News/US-warns-Zim-against-Iran-Uranium-deal-20130812-2
.

47
.
   
Jon Swain, David Leppard, and Brian Johnson-Thomas, “Iran’s Plot to Mine Uranium in Africa,”
Sunday Times
(London), August 5, 2006,
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1678482/posts
.

48
.
   
Kevin Kelley, “Uranium Being Smuggled via EA to Iran—WikiLeaks,”
East African
(Nairobi), January 8, 2011,
http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/Uranium-being-smuggled-via-EA-to-Iran-WikiLeaks/-/2558/1082236/-/view/printVersion/-/9bpcac/-/index.html
.

49
.
   
Abdoulaye Massalatchi, “Iran’s Ahmadinejad Visits Uranium-Producing Niger,” Reuters, April 15, 2013,
http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/15/us-iran-niger-idUSBRE93E0RL20130415
.

50
.
   
“Iran-Guinea Trade Exchanges Up by 140%,” FARS News Agency (Tehran), May 1, 2010,
http://english2.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=8902111538
.

51
.
   
Rubin,
Africa: Iran’s Final Frontier?

52
.
   
Ibid.

53
.
   
Jason Warner, “How Africa Plays into Iran’s Nuclear Ambitions,”
CNN.com
, January 17, 2012,
http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2012/01/17/how-africa-plays-into-irans-nuclear-ambitions/
.

54
.
   
“JTF Uncovers Lebanese Terror Cell in Kano . . . Mustapha Fawaz, Co-Owner of Popular Amigo Supermarket Arrested,” Xclusive Nigeria, May 31, 2013,
http://www.exclusivenigeria.com/index.php/politics/item/698-jtf-uncovers-lebanese-terror-cell-in-kanomustapha-fawaz-co-owner-of-popular-amigo-supermarket-arrested
.

55
.
   
Benjamin Weinthal, “Analysis: The Rise of Hezbollah in Africa,”
Jerusalem Post
, July 11, 2013,
http://www.jpost.com/International/The-rise-of-Hezbollah-in-Africa-319512
.

56
.
   
“JTF Uncovers Lebanese Terror Cell in Kano.”

57
.
   
Ikechukwu Nnochiri, “Hezbolla: I Got Order to Survey Israeli Embassy in Nigeria—FAWAZ,”
Vanguard
(Abuja), August 1, 2013,
http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/08/hezbolla-i-got-order-to-survey-israeli-embassy-in-nigeria-fawaz/
.

58
.
   
Camillus Eboh, “Nigeria Says Arrests Iran-Linked Cell Targeting U.S., Israel,” Reuters, February 21, 2013,
http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/21/us-nigeria-iran-idUSBRE91K09420130221
.

59
.
   
Ely Karmon, “Out of Iran, into Africa: Hezbollah’s Scramble for Africa,”
Haaretz.com
(Tel Aviv), June 17, 2013,
http://www.haaretz.com/news/features/.premium-1.530327
.

60
.
   
Matthew Levitt,
Hezbollah: The Global Footprint of Lebanon’s Party of God
(Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2013), 253.

61
.
   
Ibid., 261.

62
.
   
Ibid., 265.

63
.
   
Karmon, “Out of Iran, into Africa.”

64
.
   
Tom Odula, “Kenyan Court Sentences 2 Iranians to Life in Jail,” Associated Press, May 6, 2013,
http://bigstory.ap.org/article/kenyan-court-sentences-2-iranians-life-jail
.

65
.
   
Karmon, “Out of Iran, into Africa.”

66
.
   
Pham, “Shi’a in Senegal.”

67
.
   
Ikechukwu Nnochiri, “Kano Arms Cache: Court Frees 2 Lebanese Suspects,”
Vanguard
(Lagos), November 30, 2013,
http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/11/kano-arms-cache-court-frees-2-lebanese-suspects/
.

68
.
   
Conflict Armament Research, “The Distribution of Iranian Ammunition in Africa: Results From a Nine-Country Investigation,” December 2012,
http://www.conflictarm.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Iranian_Ammunition_Distribution_in_Africa.pdf
.

69
.
   
Ibid.

70
.
   
See J. Peter Pham, “Behind Iran’s Foiled Gambian Gambit,”
WorldDefenseReview.com
, December 2, 2010,
http://worlddefensereview.com/pham120210.shtml
.

71
.
   
C. J. Chivers, “A Trail of Bullet Casings Leads from Africa’s Wars Back to Iran,”
New York Times
, January 11, 2013,
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/12/world/africa/a-trail-of-bullet-casings-leads-from-africas-wars-to-iran.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
.

72
.
   
Ibid.

73
.
   
“Iran Seeks Closer Ties with African States: Rouhani,” Press TV (Tehran), February 24, 2014,
http://www.presstv.com/detail/2014/02/24/352108/iran-keen-to-expand-ties-with-africa/
.

CHAPTER IX: A NEW DOMAIN FOR CONFLICT

  
1
.
   
Damien McElroy and Ahmad Vahdat, “Iran Cyber Warfare Commander Shot Dead in Suspected Assassination,”
The Telegraph
(London), October 2, 2013,
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iran/10350285/Iranian-cyber-warfare-commander-shot-dead-in-suspected-assassination.html
.

  
2
.
   
Kevjn Lim, “Iran’s Cyber Posture,”
OpenBriefing.org
, November 18, 2013,
http://www.openbriefing.org/regionaldesks/middleeast/irans-cyber-posture/
.

  
3
.
   
“Iran’s Nuclear Agency Trying to Stop Computer Worm,” Associated Press, September 25, 2010,
http://www.webcitation.org/5t1vbet
.

  
4
.
   
Gregg Keizer, “New Stuxnet Clues Suggest Sabotage of Iran’s Uranium Enrichment Program,”
Computerworld
, November 15, 2010,
http://www.computerworld.com/article/2514314/security0/new-stuxnet-clues-suggest-sabotage-of-iran-s-uranium-enrichment-program.html
.

  
5
.
   
Ralph Langner, “Cracking Stuxnet, a 21st-Century Cyber Weapon,” TED Talk, March 2011,
http://www.ted.com/talks/ralph_langner_cracking_stuxnet_a_21st_century_cyberweapon?language=en
.

  
6
.
   
David Albright, Paul Brannan, and Christina Walrond,
Stuxnet Malware and Natanz: Update of ISIS December 22, 2010 Report
, ISIS Report (Institute for Science and International Security, February 15, 2011),
http://isis-online.org/uploads/isis-reports/documents/stuxnet_update_15Feb2011.pdf
.

  
7
.
   
As cited in Joby Warrick, “Iran’s Natanz Nuclear Facility Recovered Quickly from Stuxnet Cyberattack,”
Washington Post
, February 16, 2011,
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/15/AR2011021505395.html
.

  
8
.
   
Ivanka Barzashka, “Are Cyber-Weapons Effective? Assessing Stuxnet’s Impact on the Iranian Nuclear Programme,”
RUSI Journal
148, no. 2 (2013): 48–56,
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03071847.2013.787735
.

  
9
.
   
Ibid., 48.

10
.
   
“Study: Stuxnet Strengthened Iranian Nuclear Program,”
Ynetnews.com
(Tel Aviv), May 16, 2013,
http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4380512,00.html
.

11
.
   
“Iran Sees Cyber Attacks as Greater Threat than Actual War,” Reuters, September 25, 2012,
http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/09/25/net-us-iran-military-idUSBRE88O0MY20120925
.

12
.
   
Ellen Nakashima, Greg Miller, and Julie Tate, “U.S., Israel Developed Flame Computer Virus to Slow Iranian Nuclear Efforts, Officials Say,”
Washington Post
, June 19, 2012,
http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/us-israel-developed-computer-virus-to-slow-iranian-nuclear-efforts-officials-say/2012/06/19/gJQA6xBPoV_story.html
.

13
.
   
Yaakov Katz, “Iran Embarks On $1b. Cyber-Warfare Program,”
Jerusalem Post
, December 18, 2011,
http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Article.aspx?id=249864
http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Article.aspx?id=249864
.

14
.
   
See, for example, Kevjn Lim, “Iran’s Cyber Posture,”
OpenBriefing.org
, November 18, 2013,
http://www.openbriefing.org/regionaldesks/middleeast/irans-cyber-posture/
.