Iran's Deadly Ambition (29 page)

34
.
   
Matthew Levitt, “Hezbollah’s European Enablers,”
National Post
, March 11, 2013,
http://fullcomment.nationalpost.com/2013/03/11/matthew-levitt-hezbollahs-european-enablers/#__federated=1
.

35
.
   
Matthew Levitt, “Islamic Extremism in Europe: Beyond al-Qaeda—Hamas and Hezbollah in Europe.” Testimony before the Joint Hearing of the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on International Relations and Subcommittee on Europe and Emerging Threats, April 27, 2005,
http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/islamic-extremism-in-europe-beyond-al-qaedahamas-and-hezbollah-in-europe
.

36
.
   
Nicholas Kulish, “Despite Alarm by U.S., Europe Lets Hezbollah Operate Openly,”
New York Times
, August 12, 2012,
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/16/world/europe/hezbollah-banned-in-us-operates-in-europes-public-eye.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0#commentsContainer
.

37
.
   
“Hezbollah Planning Berlin Headquarters,”
Der Spiegel
(Hamburg), June 24, 2002; “Hezbollah Plans to Settle in Berlin,”
Die Welt
(Berlin), June 26, 2002.

38
.
   
Bruno Schirra, “Extremism—Tehran’s Secret Fighters—The Shiite Terror Organization Hizballah Also Has Adherents in Germany,”
Welt am Sonntag
(Berlin), July 23, 2006.

39
.
   
Justyna Pawlak and Adrian Croft, “EU Adds Hezbollah’s Military Wing to Terrorism List,” Reuters, July 22, 2013,
http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/07/22/us-eu-hezbollah-idUSBRE96K0DA20130722
.

40
.
   
Ulrike Putz, “EU Terror List: Hezbollah Unlikely to Feel Sanctions,”
Der Spiegel
(Hamburg), July 22, 2013,
http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/eu-terrorist-group-designation-to-have-little-impact-on-hezbollah-a-912448.html
.

41
.
   
Ibid.

42
.
   
Julian Pecquet, “Europeans Raise Concerns with Hezbollah Sanctions Bill,”
Al-Monitor
, October 30, 2014,
http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/10/hezbollah-sanctions-bill-european-concerns.html
.

43
.
   
See Ari Kattan, “Fact Sheet: Iran Sanctions,” Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation, March 2013,
http://armscontrolcenter.org/publications/factsheets/fact_sheet_iran_sanctions/
.

44
.
   
European Commission, Directorate-General for Trade, “Russia: Main Indicators,” n.d.,
http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2006/september/tradoc_111720.pdf
.

45
.
   
“Russia in the European Energy Sector,”
Wikipedia
, n.d.,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_in_the_European_energy_sector#cite_note-gas_security_directive-3
.

46
.
   
Ibid.

47
.
   
Daniel Gross, “Russia Is Europe’s Gas Station,”
Slate.com
, July 24, 2014,
http://www.slate.com/articles/business/the_juice/2014/07/putin_economic_sanctions_he_has_nothing_to_fear_because_russia_is_europe.html
.

48
.
   
See, for example, Keith Smith, “A Bear at the Door,”
Journal of International Security Affairs
, no. 17 (Fall 2009).

49
.
   
See, for example, Jason Czerwiec, “Emerging from Russia’s Energy Shadow,”
U.S. News & World Report
, November 4, 2014,
http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/world-report/2014/11/04/lithuania-embraces-energy-independence-from-russia
.

50
.
   
Charles Recknagel, “Iran Says Ready to Supply Natural Gas to Europe,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, May 15, 2014,
http://www.rferl.mobi/a/iran-says-ready-to-supply-natural-gas-to-europe-/25386226.html
.

51
.
   
Ibid.

52
.
   
Ibid.

53
.
   
Samaneh Nazerian and M. A. Saki, “Iran, EU Can Be Allies in Trade, Campaign against Terrorism: Danish FM,”
Tehran Times
, September 10, 2014,
http://www.tehrantimes.com/component/content/article/94-headline/118304-iran-eu-can-be-allies-in-trade-campaign-against-terrorism-danish-fm-
.

CHAPTER V: EURASIA CALLING

  
1
.
   
These principles are encapsulated in the organization’s charter. Shanghai Cooperation Organization, “Charter of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization,” May 7, 2009,
http://www.sectsco.org/EN123/show.asp?id=69
.

  
2
.
   
Oliver August, “Iran in Talks to Join Alliance against West,”
Times of London
, June 16, 2006,
http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,13509-2228233,00.html
.

  
3
.
   
Michael Mainville, “Central Asian Bloc Considering Iran for Membership,”
Washington Times
, June 5, 2006,
http://www.washingtontimes.com/world/20060604-103052-2402r.htm
.

  
4
.
   
“The Limits of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, August 7, 2006,
http://www.rferl.org/content/pressrelease/1105890.html
.

  
5
.
   
“Sanctions against Iran ‘Unacceptable’—Russia, China and Other SCO Nations,” RT, September 13, 2013,
http://rt.com/news/nuclear-iran-sco-summit-833/
.

  
6
.
   
Shannon Tiezzi, “The New, Improved Shanghai Cooperation Organization,”
The Diplomat
, September 13, 2014,
http://thediplomat.com/2014/09/the-new-improved-shanghai-cooperation-organization/
.

  
7
.
   
“Studio Interview: SCO Leaders Seek Further Development through Expansion,” CCTV (Beijing), September 12, 2014,
http://english.cntv.cn/2014/09/12/VIDE1410497046260218.shtml
; Li Li, “Commentary: Deeper SCO Cooperation Promises Regional Peace, Development,”
Xinhuanet (Beijing), September 11, 2014,
http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2014-09/11/c_133636179.htm
.

  
8
.
   
“Iranian Diplomat: Tehran Seeks Full Shanghai Cooperation Organization Membership,” RIA Novosti (Sputnik International), September 10, 2014,
http://sputniknews.com/world/20140910/192803369/Iranian-Diplomat-Tehran-Seeks-Full-Shanghai-Cooperation.html
; “SCO Seeks Enhanced Ties with Iran: President Rouhani,” Press TV (Tehran), September 13, 2014,
http://www.presstv.com/detail/2014/09/13/378567/sco-seeks-enhanced-ties-with-iran/
.

  
9
.
   
“Iran’s Bid to Join SCO Cannot Be Considered at the Moment—MFA,” Kazinform, September 16, 2014,
http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/172084/iran-39-s-bid-to-join-sco-cannot-be-considered-at-the-moment-mfa.html
.

10
.
   
Tweet by Sputnik News on November 19, 2014, archived at
https://twitter.com/SputnikInt/status/534988877669613568
. See also “Russia Says Iran’s Joining SCO Becoming More Relevant,” Trend News Agency (Baku), November 19, 2014,
http://en.trend.az/iran/politics/2334734.html
.

11
.
   
“Sanctioned Russia and Iran Sign 5-Yr Deal to Ease Western Pressure,” RT, August 6, 2014,
http://rt.com/business/178316-russia-iran-oil-deal-sanctions/
.

12
.
   
Mark Katz, “Russia and Iran: Who Is Strong-Arming Whom?”
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Newsline
8, no. 131 (2004).

13
.
   
See, for example, Bruce Clark and Anatol Lieven, “U.S., Turkey and Iran Chase Power in Central Asia,”
Times of London
, February 17, 1992.

14
.
   
Brenda Shaffer,
Partners in Need: The Strategic Relationship of Russia and Iran
(Washington, DC: Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 2001), 11
–
12, 71.

15
.
   
Ibid.

16
.
   
Vladimir Isachenkov, “Russia to Build More Nuclear Reactors in Iran,” Associated Press, November 11, 2014,
http://bigstory.ap.org/article/b1282ddda1f447d794058304ac7eae38/russia-build-more-nuclear-reactors-iran
.

17
.
   
Ibid.

18
.
   
Oxana Antonenko, “Russia’s Military Involvement in the Middle East,”
Middle Eastern Review of International Affairs
5, no. 1 (March 2001),
http://www.rubincenter.org/2001/03/antonenko-2001-03-03/
.

19
.
   
For a full description of this effort, see Ilan Berman,
Tehran Rising: Iran’s Challenge to the United States
(Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005).

20
.
   
Polina Garaev, “Report: Russia to Offer Iran S-300 Missiles, New Reactor,”
Ynetnews.com
, September 11, 2013,
http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4428465,00.html
.

21
.
   
Anders Fogh Rasmussen and Philip M. Breedlove, “A NATO for a Dangerous World,”
Wall Street Journal
, August 17, 2014,
http://online.wsj.com/articles/anders-fogh-rasmussen-and-philip-m-breedlove-a-nato-for-a-dangerous-world-1408317653
.

22
.
   
See, for example, Edward Lucas, “Russia’s New Cold War,”
Wall Street Journal
, February 19, 2014,
http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304675504579388913610934806
.

23
.
   
Roger Cohen, “The Iran-Ukraine Affair,”
New York Times
, November 10, 2014,
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/11/opinion/roger-cohen-the-iran-ukraine-affair.html?_r=0
.

24
.
   
“Iran Says No Deal with U.S. to Ship Enriched Uranium to Russia,” Reuters, January 3, 2015,
http://mobile.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN0KC06W20150103?irpc=932
.

25
.
   
Michele Kelemen, “Bush Sends Rice, Aid to Show Support for Georgia,”
NPR.org
, August 13, 2008,
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=93575217
.

26
.
   
Emanuele Ottolenghi, “How Iran Is Skirting Sanctions in the South Caucasus,”
National Interest
, December 15, 2014,
http://defenddemocracy.org/media-hit/emanuele-ottolenghi-how-iran-is-skirting-sanctions-in-the-southern-caucasus/
.

27
.
   
Ibid.

28
.
   
Claude Moniquet and William Racimora, eds.,
The Armenia-Iran Relationship: Strategic Implications for Security in the South Caucasus Region
(European Strategic Intelligence and Security Center, January 17, 2013), 4,
http://www.esisc.org/upload/publications/analyses/the-armenian-iran-relationship/Armenian-Iran%20relationship.pdf
.

29
.
   
Ze’ev Wolfson,
Armenian “Traces” in the Proliferation of Russian Weapons in Iran
, ACPR Policy Paper
,
no. 143 (Ariel Center for Policy Research, December 2002), 25.

30
.
   
Central Intelligence Agency,
The World Factbook
, s.v. “Iran” (last updated June 22, 2014),
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html
.

31
.
   
See, for example, “Azerbaijani Foreign Minister Urges Iran to End
Broadcasts into Southern Azerbaijan,”
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Newsline
7, no. 204 (October 27, 2003).

32
.
   
Emanuele Ottolenghi, “Iran’s Armenian Connection,”
Weekly Standard
, April 16, 2012,
http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/irans-armenian-connection_637088.html
.

33
.
   
“Iran-Armenia Ties Strengthening to Counter Turkey-Azerbaijan Alliance,”
Today’s Zaman
(Istanbul), March 31, 2013,
http://www.todayszaman.com/diplomacy_iran-armenia-ties-strengthening-to-counter-turkey-azerbaijan-alliance_311218.html
.

34
.
   
Vladimir Socor, “Iran-Armenia Gas Pipeline: Far More than Meets the Eye,”
Eurasia Daily Monitor
4, no. 56 (Jamestown Foundation, March 21, 2007),
http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=32607#.VJjhaAH88
.

35
.
   
Moniquet and Racimora, eds., “The Armenia-Iran Relationship.”

36
.
   
Central Intelligence Agency,
The World Factbook
, s.v. “Armenia” (last updated June 23, 2014),
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/am.html
.

37
.
   
See, for example, “Iranian, Armenian Defence Ministers Discuss Regional Security Issues,” IRNA, March 5, 2002; “Armenia, Iran Sign Military Cooperation Accord,” ARMInfo Independent News Agency (Yerevan), March 5, 2002.