Iran's Deadly Ambition (28 page)

41
.
   
Robert Tait, “Iran Cuts Funding for Hamas over Syria,”
The Telegraph
(London), May 31, 2013,
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/10091629/Iran-cuts-Hamas-funding-over-Syria.html
.

42
.
   
Fares Akram and Jodi Rudoren, “Qatar Offers Cash to Pay Some Staff in Gaza Strip,”
New York Times
, October 28, 2014,
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/29/world/middleeast/some-hamas-government-workers-in-gaza-to-get-salaries.html?_r=0
.

43
.
   
Adnan Abu Amer, “Iran Resumes Monetary Aid to Hamas,”
Al-Monitor
, March 24, 2014,
http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/03/iran-hamas-finance-economy-resistance-axis-gaza.html
.

44
.
   
Kay Armin Serjoie, “One Result of Gaza Conflict: Iran and Hamas Are Back Together,”
Time
, August 19, 2014,
http://time.com/3138366/iran-and-hamas-alliance-after-gaza-war/
.

45
.
   
Israeli officials, in discussion with the author, Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, Israel, September 2014. Interviews conducted in confidentiality, and names of interviewees are withheld by mutual agreement.

46
.
   
Elie Rekhess, “The Terrorist Connection—Iran, the Islamic Jihad and Hamas,”
Justice
5 (May 1995).

47
.
   
Ibid.

48
.
   
Brigitte Dusseau, “US Renews Calls for Dialogue with Iran to Address Terrorism Concerns,” Agence France-Presse, March 11, 1998.

49
.
   
Ehud Ya’ari, “Iran Out of Control,”
Jerusalem Report
, September 6, 2004.

50
.
   
Anton La Guardia, “Iran ‘in Control of Terrorism in Israel,’ ”
The Telegraph
(London), October 15, 2004.

51
.
   
See, for example, “Khamenei: Keep Arming Palestinians until Israel Is Destroyed,”
Times of Israel
, July 25, 2014,
http://www.timesofisrael.com/khamenei-keep-arming-palestinians-until-israel-is-destroyed/
.

52
.
   
See Matthew Levitt,
Hamas: Politics, Charity, and Terrorism in the Service of Jihad
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006), 172
–
73.

53
.
   
Avi Jorisch, “Hamas’ Benefactors: A Network of Terror.” Testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on the Middle East and North Africa and Subcommittee on Terrorism, Non-Proliferation, and Trade, September 9, 2014,
http://www.avijorisch.com/11003/hamas-benefactors-a-network-of-terror
.

54
.
   
Jeffrey Heller, “Israel Seizes Ship with Iran Arms for Gaza-Netanyahu,” Reuters, March 15, 2011,
http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/15/us-israel-ship-idUSTRE72E2RR20110315
; Yaakov Lappin, “Iranian Arms Vessel Captured by IDF Docks in Eilat,”
Jerusalem Post
, March 8, 2014,
http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Iranian-arms-vessel-captured-by-IDF-to-dock-in-Eilat-344702
.

55
.
   
Israeli officials, in discussion with the author, Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, Israel, September 2014. Interviews conducted in confidentiality, and names of interviewees are withheld by mutual agreement.

56
.
   
Nazila Fathi, “Wipe Israel ‘Off the Map’ Iranian Says,”
New York Times
, October 27, 2005,
http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/26/world/africa/26iht-iran.html?_r=0
.

57
.
   
See, for example, Camelia Entekhabi-Fard, “Commander Qassem Suleimani, Iran’s Worst Kept Secret?” Al Arabiya, November 3, 2014,
http://english.alarabiya.net/en/views/news/middle-east/2014/11/03/Commander-Qassem-Suleimani-Iran-s-worst-kept-secret-.html
.

58
.
   
U.S. Department of Defense,
Unclassified Report on Military Power of Iran, April 2010
,
http://www.iranwatch.org/sites/default/files/us-dod-reportmiliarypoweriran-0410.pdf
.

59
.
   
Dexter Filkins, “The Shadow Commander,”
New Yorker
, September 30, 2013,
http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/09/30/the-shadow-commander
.

60
.
   
Ibid.

61
.
   
Kimberly Kagan, “Iran’s Proxy War against the United States and the Iraqi Government,”
Iraq Report
(Institute for the Study of War and
WeeklyStandard.com
, May 2006–August 20, 2007),
https://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/reports/IraqReport06.pdf
.

62
.
   
Joseph Felter and Brian Fishman,
Iranian Strategy in Iraq: Politics and “Other Means,”
occasional paper (Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, October 13, 2008),
http://reap2-ws1.stanford.edu/publications/iranian_strategy_in_iraq_politics_and_other_means/
.

63
.
   
Mehdi Khalaji, presentation at the AIPAC National Policy Forum, Chicago, Illinois, October 28, 2008.

64
.
   
Robert Fisk, “The Silent Cleric Who Holds the Key to Iran’s Future,”
The Independent
(London), December 29, 2009,
http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/fisk/robert-fisk-the-silent-cleric-who-holds-the-key-to-irans-future-1852108.html
.

65
.
   
Vali Nasr,
The Shia Revival: How Conflicts within Islam Will Shape the Future
(New York: W.W. Norton, 2007), 71
–
72; see also Phillip
Smyth, “The Battle for the Soul of Shi’ism,”
Middle East Review of International Affairs
16, no. 3 (2012),
http://www.gloria-center.org/2012/11/the-battle-for-the-soul-of-shi’ism/
.

CHAPTER IV: IRAN’S EUROPEAN ENABLERS

  
1
.
   
Benjamin Weinthal, “Holland Votes to Put Iran’s RGC on EU-Terror List,”
Jerusalem Post
, November 27, 2009,
http://www.jpost.com/International/Holland-votes-to-put-Irans-RGC-on-EU-terror-list
.

  
2
.
   
“Sanctions Committee Implementation Assistance Notice—24 July 2009,”
The Telegraph
(London), February 2, 2011,
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/wikileaks-files/iran-wikileaks/8299124/SANCTIONS-COMMITTEE-IMPLEMENTATION-ASSISTANCE-NOTICE-24-JULY-2009.html
.

  
3
.
   
Interviews with author, Berlin, Germany, November 2009.

  
4
.
   
Ibid.

  
5
.
   
Justyna Pawlak, “Insight—How European Courts Are Dismantling Sanctions on Iran,” Reuters, July 15, 2013,
http://uk.reuters.com/article/2013/07/15/uk-iran-nuclear-courts-insight-idUKBRE96E0M920130715
.

  
6
.
   
Ibid.

  
7
.
   
Najmeh Bozorgmehr and Geoff Dyer, “China Overtakes EU as Iran’s Top Trade Partner,”
Financial Times
, February 8, 2010,
http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/f220dfac-14d4-11df-8f1d-00144feab49a.html#axzz3OU6XSupz
.

  
8
.
   
Juergen Baetz, “European Businesses Rushing to Find Iran Bonanza,” Associated Press, January 22, 2014,
http://news.yahoo.com/european-businesses-rushing-iran-bonanza-170338509--finance.html
.

  
9
.
   
Benoît Faucon, “Iran Deal Opens Door for Businesses,”
Wall Street Journal
, December 1, 2013,
http://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304579404579232131395661284?mod=WSJ_business_LeadStoryRotator&autologin=y
.

10
.
   
“Foreign Carmakers Jostle for Position in Iran,”
Guardian
(London), December 13, 2013,
http://www.theguardian.com/world/iran-blog/2013/dec/13/iran-carmakers-market
.

11
.
   
Susanne Koebl, “ ‘Chance of a Century’: International Investors Flock to Tehran,”
Der Spiegel
(Hamburg), January 2, 2014,
http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/geneva-deal-sparks-new-international-investor-interest-in-iran-a-940629.html
.

12
.
   
“Iran to Attract $100bn under New Contracts: Officials,” Press TV (Tehran), February 26, 2014,
http://presstv.com/detail/2014/02/26/352354/iran-to-attract-100bn-under-new-deals/
.

13
.
   
A brochure from the event, including a list of the conference’s featured speakers, is available at
http://de.stopthebomb.net/fileadmin/editors_de/The_First_Europe-Iran_Forum_Brochure-MD__2_.pdf
.

14
.
   
Benjamin Weinthal, “Germany, Inc. Heads to Tehran,”
Foreign Policy
, January 31, 2014,
http://foreignpolicy.com/2014/01/31/germany-inc-heads-to-tehran/
.

15
.
   
See, for example, Andrea Thomas, “German Business Looks to Renew Iran Contacts,”
Wall Street Journal
, August 3, 2014,
http://www.wsj.com/articles/german-businesses-warm-to-iran-1407099835
.

16
.
   
Koebl, “ ‘Chance of a Century.’ ”

17
.
   
Weinthal, “Germany, Inc. Heads to Tehran.”

18
.
   
John J. Lumpkin, “Iran’s Nuclear Program Growing at Secret Sites, Rebel Group Alleges,” Associated Press, August 14, 2002; “Iran Said to Have Secret Nuclear Facilities,”
Deutsche Presse-Agentur
, August 14, 2002.

19
.
   
David Rennie, “Alarm as Iran Takes Another Step towards Nuclear Weapons,”
The Telegraph
(London), March 10, 2003,
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/1424228/Alarm-as-Iran-takes-another-step-towards-nuclear-weapons.html
.

20
.
   
Dan De Luce, “Iran in Nuclear Climbdown,”
The Guardian
(London), October 21, 2003,
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/oct/22/iran.politics
.

21
.
   
Stephen Fidler, “Iran Centrifuge Plan Dashes Hopes of a Nuclear Deal,”
Financial Times
(London), June 25, 2004.

22
.
   
See Arms Control Association, “History of Official Proposals on the Iranian Nuclear Issue,” January 2014,
http://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/Iran_Nuclear_Proposals
.

23
.
   
As cited in Elaine Sciolino, “Showdown at U.N.? Iran Seems Calm,”
New York Times
, March 14, 2006,
http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/14/international/middleeast/14iran.html?_r=0
.

24
.
   
Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe Final Act
, Helsinki, Finland, August 1, 1975, 6,
http://www.osce.org/mc/39501?download=true
.

25
.
   
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, “Signing of the Helsinki Final Act,” n.d.,
http://www.osce.org/who/43960
.

26
.
   
Report of the Secretary-General on the Situation of Human Rights in the
Islamic Republic of Iran
,
UNWatch.org
, March 11, 2014,
http://blog.unwatch.org/index.php/2014/03/18/report-of-the-secretary-general-on-the-situation-of-human-rights-in-the-islamic-republic-of-iran-march-2014/
.

27
.
   
See, for example, Sam Brownback, “Activating the Human Rights Dimension,” in
Taking on Tehran: Strategies for Confronting the Islamic Republic
, ed. Ilan Berman (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2007).

28
.
   
Abbas Rezai, “EU Parliament to Visit Iran without Preconditions,” UPI, December 9, 2013,
http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Analysis/Outside-View/2013/12/09/Outside-View-EU-Parliament-to-visit-Iran-without-preconditions/82581386565380/
.

29
.
   
Ibid.

30
.
   
As cited in Eli Lake, “State Dept. Declares 2012 the Year of Iranian Terror,” Daily Beast, May 30, 2013,
http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/05/30/state-dept-declares-2012-the-year-of-iranian-terror.html
.

31
.
   
U.S. Department of State, Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism, “State Sponsors of Terrorism Overview,” in
Country Reports on Terrorism 2012
, May 2013,
http://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2012/209985.htm
.

32
.
   
“Israel Blames Iran in Deadly Bulgaria Bus Blast,” Associated Press, July 18, 2012,
http://www.cbsnews.com/news/israel-blames-iran-in-deadly-bulgaria-bus-blast/
.

33
.
   
“Bulgaria Says Hezbollah behind Burgas Bombing,” Reuters, February 5, 2013,
http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/05/us-bulgaria-bombing-idUSBRE9140O020130205
.