India: A History. Revised and Updated (124 page)

Malaviya, Madan Mohan, founder of Hindu
mahasabha
,
481

Malaya,
104
,
123
,
124
,
152
,
176
,
222

Malayalam language,
118

Malcolm, Sir John, British administrator,
407
,
408
,
426
–7

Maldive Islands,
215

Malhar Rao Holkar, 18th c Maratha leader,
368
,
403
,
407

Malik Ambar, 17th c general,
331
–2,
348

Malik Sowar, 14th c founder of Sharqi sultanate of Jaunpur,
272
–4

Malla, early tribe & republic,
50
,
66

Malwa, western half of Madhya Pradesh,
130
,
131
,
137
,
141
,
148
,
152
,
162
,
169
,
192
,
197
,
243
,
256
–7,
283
,
284
–6,
296
,
311
–2,
368
,
407
,
see also
Avanti

Mamallapuram, Tamil Nadu,
156
,
174
,
176

Man Singh, Kacchwaha ruler of Amber,
313
,
318

Man Singh, Tomar rajput ruler of Gwalior,
289
,
316

Mandala
, concentric diagram of geo-political & cosmic relations,
170
–2,
179
,
225

Mandelso, Albert de, 17th c German visitor,
231

Mandu, Madhya Pradesh,
227
,
279
,
285
–6,
298
,
311
,
331

Mangalore, Karnataka,
397

Manjanik
, catapult-like siege-engine,
184
,
255
,
270

Mansabdars
, those with a ranking (
mansab
) in the Mughal hierarchy,
324
–5,
327
,
347
,
353
,
355

Mansehra, Panjab,
96
,
114

Mansurah, Sind,
185
,
187
,
202
,
234

Manu, royal progenitor & law-giver,
1
–2,
27
,
49
,
103
,
164
,
169

Manyakheta, Maharashtra,
200
,
216

Mao Tse Tung, Chinese leader,
567

Marathas, people, kingdom & confederacy from upland Maharashtra,
xxii
,
331
,
338
,
347
,
350
–59,
363
–4,
367
–9,
388
,
394
,
396
,
402
–13,
521

Marathi language,
xxvii
,
132
,
461
,
520

Marco Polo, Venetian traveller,
257
–8,
276
–7,
278

Marshall, Sir John, archaeologist,
9
,
60

Martand, Kashmir,
288

Marwar, rajput kingdom based round Jodhpur,
346

Masud of Ghazni, successor of Mahmud (q.v.),
225

Mathura, Uttar Pradesh,
xx
,
42
,
103
,
111
,
137
,
151
,
208
,
219
,
343
,
386

Matsya-nyaya
, state of anarchy,
2
,
49
,
171
,
225

Maues, 1st c
BC
Shaka king,
109
,
115
,
130

Maukharis, 6–7th c Kanauj dynasty,
159
,
162
,
163

Mauryas, 4–3rd c
BC
imperial dynasty of Magadha,
69
,
78
–100,
101
,
104
–5,
120
,
139
–40

Mayawati, Ms, Chief minister of UP,
604

Meds, piratical tribe,
183

Meerut, Uttar Pradesh,
239
,
438
–9

Megasthenes, Greek ambassador to Magadha,
79
,
80
,
85
,
92
–4,
97
,
98
,
119
,
190

Meghalaya,
528

Mehrauli Pillar, ‘Iron pillar’,
142
–3,
154

Mehta, Ferozeshah, Congress leader,
461
,
468
,
474

Meluhha, possible name of Harappan country,
16
,
23

Menander,
2
nd c
BC
Bactrian Greek king,
107
–8

Mewar, Rajput kingdom based round Chitor & Udaipur,
286
,
313
–5,
328
–30,
345

Mewatis, elusive tribe of Delhi region,
248
,
508

Mihirakula, 6th c Hun leader,
158

Mill, James, historian,
429
–30

Mill, John Stuart, philosopher & political economist,
429

Minhaju-s Siraj, Muslim chronicler,
244
,
245

Minto, Lord, Governor-General,
468
,
469

Mir Jafar, 18th c Nawab of Bengal,
390
–1

Mir Jumla, 17th c adventurer & general,
338
,
339
,
341
,
386

Mir Qasim (Kasim), 18th c Nawab of Bengal,
391
–2

Mirpur, Azad Kashmir,
587

Mirza, Iskander, Pakistani president,
542
–4

Mizoram,
557

Mlechha
, disparaging name for non-
arya
peoples,
24
,
43
,
59
,
143
,
187
–8,
211
,
233

Mofussil
, hinterland, upcountry provinces,
432
,
453
,
471

Mohajirs, refugees,
521
–2,
528
,
567
,
586

Mohenjo-daro, Sind,
7
,
8
,
9
,
13
,
15
,
22
–3,
182

Money, J.W.B., businessman & author,
449

Mongols,
239
,
242
–3,
247
–8,
249
,
256
,
270
,
274
,
288

Montagu, Edwin, Secretary of State for India,
473

Mont-Ford Reforms (1921),
473
,
474
,
480
,
483

Mookerji, R.K., historian,
92

Moon, Penderel, administrator & historian,
397
,
413
,
497
–8

Moore, Thomas, poet,
514

Morley, John, Secretary of State for India,
468

Mouhot, Henri, French explorer & naturalist,
214

Mount Abu, Rajasthan,
197
,
233
,
239
,
241

Mount Kailas, Tibet,
200
–1

Mount Meru, mythical axis of the world,
170
–1

Mountbatten, Lord, Viceroy,
57
,
468
,
501
–3,
509

Muazzam, Prince
see
Bahadur Shah

Mubarak Khalji, son and successor, briefly, of Ala-ud-Din Khalji,
260

Mughal empire,
xxviii
,
256
,
289
–363

passim
,
382
,
385
,
387
,
391
,
439
–40

Mughal, M. Rafique, archaeologist,
9

Muhammad Adil Shah, 17th c sultan of Bijapur,
337
,
338

Muhammad Ali, 18th c ruler of Arcot,
379
,
381

Muhammad Ali, Maulana,
464

Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji, 13th c conqueror of Bengal,
243
–4

Muhammad bin Tughluq, 14th c sultan of Delhi,
263
–71,
281
,
319

Muhammad ibn Qasim, 8th c conqueror of Sind,
183
–6,
187

Muhammad of Ghor, 12th c invader & conqueror,
213
,
226
,
233
,
234
–8,
239
–40

Muhammad Shah, 18th c Mughal emperor,
366
–7,
385
–6

Muhammad, The Prophet,
157
,
180

Muizzudin Muhammad bin Sam
see
Muhammad of Gaur

Mukti Bahini, Bangladeshi ‘Liberation Force’,
558
–9

Mujibnagar, Bangladesh,
557
,
560

Mujib–ur–Rahman, Bangladeshi patriot,
548
,
553
–60,
561
–5

Muller, Friedrich Max, scholar,
21
,
458

Multan, Sind, now Pakistan,
185
,
187
,
196
,
202
,
207
–8,
234
,
275
,
420
,
424

Mumbai,
xxviii
,
see
Bombay

Mumtaz Mahal, wife of Shah Jahan,
333
–4,
335
,
352

Mundy, Peter, East India Company merchant,
335
–6

Munro, Hector, British officer,
392
,
397
,
437

Munro, Thomas, administrator,
399
,
410
,
426
,
427
,
430
,
437

Murad Baksh, Mughal prince, son of Shah Jahan,
339
,
340

Musharraf, Pervez, Pakistani President,
544
,
594
,
596
,
602

Murshid Quli Khan, Mughal governor of Bengal,
387

Murshidabad, Bengal,
387
,
392

Muslim Conquests 180–7,
187
–9,
202
–12,
232
–3,
234
–8,
243
–4,
354
–6,
254
–9,
271
–2,
295
–6,
341
–2

Muslim League,
454
,
468
–9,
470
,
483
,
494
,
495
–7,
500
–2,
504
,
519
–21,
528
,
539
,
541
,
546

Muslim perceptions of India,
188
–9,
207
–10,
241
–3,
244
,
275
–9,
294
,
312

Mussoorie, Uttar Pradesh,
415

Muttra
see
Mathura

Muzaffar Jang, 18th c Nawab/Nizam of Hyderabad,
381

Mysore,
337
,
394
–401,
416
,
488

Nabobs, British officials & officers personally enriched by their service in India,
384
,
390
,
428

Nadia, Bengal,
244

Nadir Shah of Persia,
367
,
385
–6,
553

Nagaland,
528

Nagas, tribe,
40
,
557

Nagasena, Buddhist philosopher,
108

Naghabhata II, 8–9th c Gurjara-Pratihara king,
199

Nagpur, Madhya Pradesh,
190
,
368
,
413
,
433

Nahapana, 1st c ad Shaka satrap,
131

Naini Tal, Uttar Pradesh,
415

Naipaul, V.S.
579
,
587

Nalanda, Bihar,
167
,
169
,
176
,
193