Happy City: Transforming Our Lives Through Urban Design (50 page)

conducted an experiment
: Halpern, David, “An Evidence-Based Approach to Building Happiness,” in
Building Happiness: Architecture to Make You Smile
, ed. Jane Wernick (London: Black Dog, 2008), 160–161.

Surveys in the U.K.
: Hall, James, “Men in Their Late 40s Living in London Are the Unhappiest in the UK,”
The Telegraph
, February 28, 2012,
www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/9110941/Men-in-their-late-40s-living-in-London-are-the-unhappiest-in-the-UK.html
(accessed March 3, 2012); Office for National Statistics, “Analysis of Experimental Subjective Well-Being Data from the Annual Population Survey, April to September 2011,” February 28, 2012,
www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/wellbeing/measuring-subjective-wellbeing-in-the-uk/analysis-of-experimental-subjective-well-being-data-from-the-annual-population-survey–april—september-2011/report-april-to-september-2011.html
(accessed March 3, 2012).

Architects’ brains
: Kirk, U., M. Skov, M. S. Christensen, and N. Nygaard, “Brain Correlates of Aesthetic Expertise: A Parametric fMRI Study,”
Brain and Cognition
, 2008: 306–15.

Coke or Pepsi
: McClure, S. M., J. Li, D. Tomlin, K. S. Cypert, L. M. Montague, and P. R. Montague, “Neural Correlates of Behavioral Preference for Culturally Familiar Drinks,”
Neuron
, 2004: 379–87.

Kirk observed
: Source: Kirk, U., M. Skov, O. Hulme, M. S. Christensen, and S. Zeki, “Modulation of Aesthetic Value by Semantic Context: An fMRI Study,”
Neuroimage
, 2009: 1125–32.

Barbie toy
: Rochon, Lisa, “Blueprint for Architect Barbie! Think Pink—and Give Her a Monster Home,”
The Globe and Mail
, August 13, 2011.

Claude Lévi-Strauss
: In conversation by telephone before his death in 2004.

“the human mind”
: Le Corbusier, quoted in Scott, James C.,
Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998), 110.

Brasilia-itis
: Holston, James,
The Modernist City: An Anthropological Critique of Brasilia
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989), 24.

heuristics
: Tversky, A, and D. Kahneman, “Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases,”
Science
, 1974: 1124–31.

Richard Jackson
: Brody, Jane E., “Communities Learn the Good Life Can Be a Killer,”
Well: New York Times Health and Science
, January 30, 2012,
http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/01/30/communities-learn-the-good-life-can-be-a-killer/
(accessed March 14, 2012).

This is one reason
: Lichtenstein, S., P. Slovic, B. Fischhoff, M. Layman, and B. Combs, “Judged Frequency of Lethal Events,”
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory
, 1978: 551–78.

considered lethal
: Gardner, G., and E. Assadourian in
State of the World 2004: The Consumer Society
, ed. Linda Starke (New York: W. W. Norton, 2004), 3–21.

obesogenic
, or fat-making
: O’Brien, Catherine, “Sustainable Happiness: How Happiness Studies Can Contribute to a More Sustainable Future,”
Canadian Psychology
, 2008: 289–95.

fattest people on the planet
: World Health Organization, “Global Database on Body Mass Index,”
http://apps.who.int/bmi/index.jsp
(accessed January 11, 2011).

Fully a third of Americans
: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, “Overweight and Obesity Statistics,”
http://win.niddk.nih.gov/statistics
(accessed January 11, 2011).

Nearly one in five
: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. “Prevalence of Obesity Among Children and Adolescents: United States, Trends 1963–1965 Through 2007–2008,”
www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/obesity_child_07_08/obesity_child_07_08.htm
(accessed January 11, 2011).

more than a quarter of Canadian
: Statistics Canada, “Canada Yearbook Overview 2009—Children and Youth,”
http://www41.statcan.gc.ca/2009/20000/cybac20000_000-eng.htm
(accessed January 11, 2011).

30 percent of British children
: “Statistics on Obesity, Physical Activity and Diet—England, 2010,” Health and Social Care Information Centre, U.K., February 10, 2010,
www.hscic.gov.uk/pubs/opad10
(accessed April 29, 2013).

more than three-quarters of obese adults
: Lachapelle, Ugo, “Public Transit Use as a Catalyst for an Active Lifestyle: Mechanisms, Predispositions, and Hindrances,” thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 2010.

Centers for Disease Control
: Gardner, Gary, and Erik Assadourian, “Rethinking the Good Life,” in
State of the World 2004
, 164–79.

living in low-density sprawl
: Sturm, R, and D. A. Cohen, “Suburban Sprawl and Physical and Mental Health,”
Public Health
, 2004: 488–96.

“death by strangers”:
Lucy, William H., “Mortality Risk Associated with Leaving Home: Recognizing the Relevance of the Built Environment,”
American Journal of Public Health
, 2003: 1564–69.

per capita road death rates
: “Safety Tips to Keep Your Family Safe: Accident Statistics from the National Safety Council,”
Safety Times
,
www.safetytimes.com/statistics.htm
(accessed January 11, 2011).

killed by guns
: Violence Policy Center, “About the Violence Policy Center,”
www.vpc.org/aboutvpc.htm
(accessed January 11, 2011).

September 11, 2001
: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL),” Injury Prevention & Control: Data & Statistics (WISQARS),
www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/years_porential.html
(accessed January 11, 2011). Also, the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control estimates that car crashes lop a whopping 5 percent off the average American life span.

an image that sticks
: Nozzi, D.,
Road to Ruin: An Introduction to Sprawl and How to Cure It
(Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003).

Car accidents
: Brown, David, “Traffic Deaths a Global Scourge, Health Agency Says,”
Washington Post
, April 20, 2007,
www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/19/AR2007041902409.html
(accessed January 11, 2011).

drivers kill four times as many
: Condon, Patrick M.,
Seven Rules for Sustainable Communities: Design Strategies for the Post Carbon World
(Washington, DC: Island Press, 2010), 54.

collisions at high speed: Swift, Peter,
Residential Street Typology and Injury Accident Frequency
(Longmont, CO: Swift and Associates, 1998).

the forty-foot mark
: Condon,
Seven Rules
, 42.

build fire stations close by
: Patrick Condon explains these dynamics beautifully in
Seven Rules for Sustainable Communities
, 56–57. He draws on earlier research by Peter Swift from 1998 and a report by Bill Dedman in
The Boston Globe
, January 30, 2005.

Five to six years
: Cervero, Robert, “Road Expansion, Urban Growth, and Induced Travel: A Path Analysis,” Department of City and Regional Planning, Institute of Urban and Regional Development, University of California, Berkeley, 2001.

These highways
: Todd Litman,
Generated Traffic and Induced Travel Implications for Transport Planning
(Victoria, BC: Victoria Transport Policy Institute, 2010); interview with Howard Frumkin of the Centers for Disease Control in the Web series
American Makeover
, episode 1, “Sprawlanta,”
www.americanmakeover.tv/episode1.html
(accessed February 2, 2011).

United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
: core writing team, R. K. Pachauri, and A. Reisinger, eds.,
Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(Geneva: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2008).

The travel time
: Green, Charles, Health Plenary Address, Congress for New Urbanism 18, Atlanta, May 20, 2010.

This we know
: Thomas, C., et al., “Extinction Risk from Climate Change,”
Nature
, 2004: 145–48.

alarmed the insurance industry
: Fogarty, David, “Climate Change Growing Risk for Insurers: Industry,”
Planet Ark,
January 20, 2011,
http://planetark.org/wen/60947
(accessed January 21, 2011).

It would take nine planets
: WWF, Zoological Society of London, and Global Footprint Network.
Living Planet Report 2008
(Gland, Switzerland: World Wide Fund For Nature, 2008).

in the next twenty years
: Froggatt, Antony, et al., “Sustainable Energy Security: Strategic risks and opportunities for business,” white paper, London: Lloyd’s, 2010; Industry Task Force on Peak Oil and Energy Scarcity, “2010 Peak Oil Report,” 2010; Hess, Werner, “Energy for Tomorrow’s World—Trends, Scenarios, Tomorrow’s Markets,” Allianz/Dresdner Bank AG, Frankfurt/M., Germany, 2005); International Energy Agency,
World Energy Outlook 2008
(Paris: IEA Publications, 2010); Hirsch, Robert L., “Peaking of World Oil Production: Recent Forecasts,” National Energy Technology Laboratory, 2007; U.S. Joint Forces Command, “The Joint Operating Environment,” Norfolk, VA, 2010.

forty million cars
: Mouawad, Jad, “Rising Demand for Oil Provokes New Energy Crisis,”
New York Times
, November 9, 2007,
www.nytimes.com/2007/11/09/business/worldbusiness/09oil.html
(accessed January 21, 2011).

massive energy shortfalls
: Macalister, Terry, “US Military Warns Oil Output May Dip Causing Massive Shortages by 2015,”
The Guardian
, April 11, 2010,
www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/apr/11/peak-oil-production-supply
(accessed January 21, 2011).

extreme heat waves
: Tillett, Tanya, “Temperatures Rising: Sprawling Cities Have the Most Very Hot Days,”
Environmental Health Perspectives
, 2010: A444.

More heat waves
: Committee on the Science of Climate Change,
Climate Change Science: An Analysis of Some Key Questions
(Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001).

cities are responsible
: Grimm, N. B., et al., “Global Change and the Ecology of Cities,”
Science
, 2008: 756–60.

the suburban lawn is a threat
: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Green Landscaping: Greenacres, A Source Book on Natural Landscaping for Public Officials,” Landscaping with Native Plants,
www.epa.gov/greenacres/toolkit/chap2.html
(accessed March 3, 2012).

twice the greenhouse gas emissions
: Hoornweg, Daniel, Lorraine Sugar, and Claudia Lorena Trejos Gómez, “Cities and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Moving Forward,”
Environment and Urbanization
, 2011.

better suited to provoke inaction
: Gifford, R., “The Dragons of Inaction: Psychological Barriers That Limit Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation,”
American Psychologist
, 66, (2011), 290–302.