Happy City: Transforming Our Lives Through Urban Design (48 page)

Le Corbusier
: Cohen, Jean-Louis,
Le Corbusier and the Mystique of the USSR: Theories and Projects for Moscow 1928–1936
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992), 93.

Robert Pemberton
: Pemberton, Robert,
The Happy Colony
(London: Saunders and Otley, 1854), 80–82, 111; from Reps, John, “Queen Victoria Town,”
www.library.cornell.edu/Reps/DOCS/pemberto.htm
(accessed March 3, 2012).

“Why should not he”
: Wright, Frank Lloyd,
When Democracy Builds
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1945). As quoted in Hall, Peter,
Cities of Tomorrow: An Intellectual History of Urban Planning and Design in the Twentieth Century
(Malden, MA: Blackwell, 1988).

electroencephalogram (EEG) monitor caps
: Davidson, R. J., D. C. Jackson, and N. H. Kalin, “Emotion, Plasticity, Context, and Regulation: Perspectives from Affective Neuroscience,”
Psychological Bulletin
126 (2000): 890–909.

Daniel Kahneman
:
Well-Being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology
, eds. Daniel Kahneman, Ed Diener, and Norbert Schwarz (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1999).

women happiest of all
: Kahneman, Daniel, and Alan B. Krueger, “Developments in the Measurement of Subjective Well-Being,”
Journal of Economic Perspectives
, 2006: 3–24.

Other studies have shown
: Frank, Robert,
Luxury Fever
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999).

Disney entertainment machine
:
Designing Disney’s Theme Parks: The Architecture of Reassurance
, ed. Karal Ann Marling (New York: Flammarion, 1997).

“
experience machine
”: Nozick, Robert,
Anarchy, State, and Utopia
(New York: Basic Books, 1974).

If you were to ask
: Gilbert, Daniel,
Stumbling on Happiness
(Toronto: Vintage Canada, 2007).

People in small towns:
Brereton, Finbarr, Peter J. Clinch, and Susana Ferreira, “Happiness, Geography and the Environment,”
Ecological Economics
, 2008: 386–96.

money cannot buy
: Helliwell, John, “How’s Life? Combining Individual and National Variables to Explain Well-being,”
Economic Modelling
, 2003: 331–60.

London borough of Greenwich
: Interviews with Hilary Guite, director of public health and well-being, National Health Service, Greenwich, U.K.

In a groundbreaking 2009 study
: Oswald, Andrew J., and Stephan Wu, “Objective Confirmation of Subjective Measures of Human Well-Being: Evidence from the U.S.A.,”
Science
, 2010: 576–79.

measures of well-being
: Ryff, Carol D., and B. H. Singer, “Know Thyself and Become What You Are: A Eudaimonic Approach to Psychological Well-Being,”
Journal of Happiness Studies
, 2006: 13–29.

relationships with other people
: Helliwell, John, “Well-Being, Social Capital and Public Policy: What’s New?”
Economic Journal
, 2006: C34–C35.

50 percent raise
: Helliwell, John, and Christopher P. Barrington-Leigh, “How Much Is Social Capital Worth?” working paper, Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2010.

get their wallets back
: Helliwell, John, and Shun Wang, “Trust and Well-Being,” working paper, Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2010.

set up various games
: Zak, Paul, “The Neuroeconomics of Trust,” University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Hendricks Symposium—Department of Political Science, 2006.

trust other people
: Zak, P. J., A. A. Stanton, and S. Ahmadi, “Oxytocin Increases Generosity in Humans,”
PLOS ONE
, 2007: e1128; Ross, H. E., et al., “Characterization of the Oxytocin System Regulating Affiliative Behavior in Female Prairie Voles,”
Neuroscience
, 2009: 892–903.

Animals that live in groups
: Dunn, Elizabeth W., Daniel T. Gilbert, and Timothy D. Wilson, “If Money Doesn’t Make You Happy, Then You Probably Aren’t Spending It Right,”
Journal of Consumer Psychology
, April 2011, 115–25 (
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1057740811000209
).

Why, Darwin wondered
: Darwin, Charles,
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection: Or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life
(New York: Appleton, 1869), 80, 209.

The debate was recently renewed
: Johnson, Eric Michael, “The Good Fight,” in
The Primate Diaries
(blog),
Scientific American
, July 9, 2012,
http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/primate-diaries/2012/07/09/the-good-fight
(accessed August 20, 2012).

fashion a common good
: Sandel, Michael,
Liberalism and the Limits of Justice
(Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 183.

3. The (Broken) Social Scene

Aristotle
: Aristotle,
Politics
trans. Benjamin Jowett, (Adelaide: eBooks@Adelaide, 2007) (originally published 350
B.C.
).

more people had lost their homes
: RealtyTrac staff, “Detroit, Stockton, Las Vegas Post Highest 2007 Metro Foreclosure Rates,”
RealtyTrac
, February 13, 2008,
www.realtytrac.com/ContentManagement/pressrelease.aspx?ChannelID=9&ItemID=4119&accnt=64847
(accessed January 3, 2011).

U.S. construction in the last three decades
: Dunham-Jones, Ellen, “New Urbanism’s Subversive Marketing,” in
Worlds Away: New Suburban Landscapes
, ed. Andrew Blauvelt (Minneapolis: Walker Arts Center, 2008).

“edge cities”
: Garreau, Joel,
Edge City: Life on the New Frontier
(New York: Doubleday, 1991).

commuters escaping high home prices
: Roberts, Ronnie, “Southwest Stockton, Calif., Neighborhood Attracts Commuters,”
The Record
, accessed from High Beam Research, March 3, 2002,
www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-120566678.html
(accessed January 7, 2011).

gas prices doubled
: Cortright, Joe, “Driven to the Brink: How the Gas Price Spike Popped the Housing Bubble and Devalued the Suburbs,” white paper, CEOs for Cities, 2008.

At the time
: “Welcome to Stockton: Foreclosure Capital USA,”
China Daily
, September 17, 2007,
www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2007-09/17/content_6111808.htm
(accessed January 7, 2011).

spends twice as much
: Center for Transit-Oriented Development and Center for Neighborhood Technology, “The Affordability Index: A New Tool for Measuring the True Affordability of a Housing Choice,” Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2006; Center for Neighborhood Technology, “Penny Wise Pound Fuelish: New Measures of Housing + Transportation Affordability,” Chicago, 2010.

spent more on transportation
: Laitner, John A. “Skip,” “The Price-Induced Energy Trap: Exploring the Impacts of Transportation Expenditures on the American Economy,” New America Foundation, October 2011,
http://newamerica.net/sites/newamerica.net/files/policydocs/102111energy_trap_working_paper.pdf
(accessed June 14, 2012).

By 2011, nearly three-quarters
: Depaul, Jennifer, “The Angriest Democrat in Congress Attacks Obama,”
The Fiscal Times
, November 30, 2011,
www.thefiscaltimes.com/articles/2011/11/30/The-Angriest-Democrat-in-Congress-Attacks-Obama.aspx
(accessed August 20, 2012).

“metropolitan areas with the weakest”
: Cortright,
Driven to the Brink
.

A 2012 report by the Demand Institute
: Keely, Louise, Bart van Ark, Gad Levanon, and Jeremy Burbank, “The Shifting Nature of U.S. Housing Demand: The U.S. Housing Market Is Growing Again—but Not as We Knew It,” Demand Institute, May 2012,
www.demandinstitute.org/sites/default/files/blog-uploads/tdihousingdemand.pdf
(accessed March 20, 2013).

When the
Toronto Star: Helliwell, John, and Shun Wang, “Trust and Well-Being,” working paper, Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2010; Ackerman, G., et al., “Crime Rates and Confidence in the Police: America’s Changing Attitudes Toward Crime and Police,”
Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare
, 2001: 43–54; Truman, Jennifer, “Predictors of Fear of Crime and the Relationship of Crime Rates and Fear of Crime,”
University of Central Florida Undergraduate Research Journal,
2005: 18–27.

the country’s
declining social capital
: Bartolini, Stefano, Ennio Bilancini, and Maurizio Pugno, “Did the Decline in Social Capital Decrease American Happiness? A Relational Explanation of the Happiness Paradox,” Department of Economics, University of Siena, August 2007,
www.econ-pol.unisi.it/quaderni/513.pdf
(accessed January 1, 2011).

people are losing ties
: Brashears, Matthew E., “Small Networks and High Isolation? A Reexamination of American Discussion Networks,”
Social Networks
, October 2011: 331–341.

ate together every night
: Kiefer, Heather, “Empty Seats: Fewer Families Eat Together,”
Gallup
,
www.gallup.com/poll/10336/empty-seats-fewer-families-eat-together.aspx
(accessed March 3, 2012).

social desert
: Halpern, David,
Mental Health and the Built Environment: More Than Bricks and Mortar?
(London: Taylor and Francis, 1995).

psychotic disorders
: Park, Alice, “Why City Life Adds to Your Risk of Psychosis,”
Time
, September 7, 2010,
http://healthland.time.com/2010/09/07/living-in-cities-can-add-to-risk-of-psychoses/
(accessed September 11, 2010).

parents’ stress
: McConnell, D., R. Breitkreuz, and A. Savage, “From Financial Hardship to Child Difficulties: Main and Moderating Effects of Perceived Social Support,”
Child: Care, Health and Development
, 2011: 679–91.

sleep better
: Kurina, L. M., K. L. Knutson, L. C. Hawkley, J. T. Cacioppo, D. S. Lauderdale, and C. Ober, “Loneliness Is Associated with Sleep Fragmentation in a Communal Society,”
SLEEP
2011; 34(11):1519–26.

live longer
: Putnam, Robert D.,
Bowling Alone
(New York: Simon and Schuster Paperbacks, 2000); Frumkin, Howard, Lawrence Frank, and Richard Jackson,
Urban Sprawl and Public Health: Designing, Planning, and Building Healthy Communities
(Washington, DC: Island Press, 2004); Seeman, T. E., “Social Ties and Health: The Benefits of Social Integration,”
Annals of Epidemiology
, 1996: 442–51; Hirdes, J. P., and W. F. Forbes, “The Importance of Social Relationships, Socioeconomic Status, and Health Practices with Respect to Mortality Among Healthy Ontario Males,”
Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
, 1992: 175–82; Veenstra, Gerry, “Social Capital and Health (Plus Wealth, Income Inequality and Regional Health Governance),”
Social Science and Medicine
, 2002: 849–68; Berkman, Lisa F., “The Role of Social Relations in Health Promotion,”
Psychosomatic Medicine
, 1995: 245–54.