Happy City: Transforming Our Lives Through Urban Design (49 page)

Citizens of sprawl
: Leyden, Kevin M., “Social Capital and the Built Environment: The Importance of Walkable Neighborhoods,”
American Journal of Public Health
, 2003: 1546–51; Williamson, Thad,
Sprawl, Justice, and Citizenship: The Civic Costs of the American Way of Life
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2010).

The 2011 study
: “Long-Distance Commuters Get Divorced More Often, Swedish Study Finds,”
Science Daily
, May 25, 2011,
www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/05/110525085920.htm
(accessed March 3, 2012).

evidence that the ethnic diversity
: Putnam, Robert, “E Pluribus Unum: Diversity and Community in the Twenty-first Century—The 2006 Johan Skytte Prize Lecture,”
Scandinavian Political Studies
, 2007: 137–74.

the more neighbors drove to work
: Freeman, Lance, “The Effects of Sprawl on Neighborhood Social Ties,”
Journal of the American Planning Association
, 2001: 69–77.

Using this model
: Farber, Steven, and Xiao Li, “Urban Sprawl and Social Interaction Potential: An Empirical Analysis of Large Metropolitan Regions in the United States,”
Journal of Transport Geography
, 2013,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2013.03.002
(accessed April 29, 2013).

Surveys show that social trust
: Williamson,
Sprawl, Justice, and Citizenship
, 94–97.

long-distance commuters’ friends
: Viry, G., V. Kaufmann, and E. D. Widmer, “Social Integration Faced with Commuting: More Widespread and Less Dense Support Networks,” in
Mobilities and Inequality
, eds. T. Ohnmacht, H. Maksim, and M. M. Bergman (Surrey, U.K.: Ashgate Publishing, 2009), 121–44.

happiness curve doesn’t level off
: Harter, James, and Raksha Arora, “Social Time Crucial to Daily Emotional Wellbeing in U.S.,” Gallup, June 5, 2008,
www.gallup.com/poll/107692/social-time-crucial-daily-emotional-wellbeing.aspx
(accessed January 7, 2011).

drive to work alone
: U.S.Census Bureau, “Most of Us Still Drive to Work—Alone,” June 13, 2007.
www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/american_community_survey_acs/cb07-cn06.html
(accessed January 7, 2011).

more hours commuting than
: U.S. Census Bureau, “Americans Spend More Than 100 Hours Commuting to Work Each Year, Census Bureau Reports,” March 30, 2005,
www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/american_community_survey_acs/cb05-ac02.html
(accessed January 7, 2011).

youth gang problem in California
: Phillips, Roger, “SUSD Post to Combat Gangs: New Position for Stockton Unified Funded by Grant,”
The Record
, November 23, 2008,
www.recordnet.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20081123/A_NEWS/811230316
(accessed January 7, 2011).

key contributors to gang membership
: Wyrick, Phelan A., and James C. Howell, “Strategic Risk-Based Response to Youth Gangs,”
National Criminal Justice Reference Service
, September 2004,
www.ncjrs.gov/html/ojjdp/203555/jj3.html
(accessed March 3, 2012).

mayor Ed Chavez
: “Failing Health: San Joaquin County in Crisis: High Homicide Rate Points to Mental-health Issues,”
The Record
, March 21, 2006,
www.recordnet.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060321/SPECIALREPORTS14/603210301/-1/A_SPECIAL04
(accessed January 7, 2011).

no adult supervision at all
: Children Now, “2010 California County Scorecard of Children’s Well-Being,” September 29, 2010,
www.childrennow.org/index.php/learn/reports_and_research/article/726
(accessed January 7, 2011).

parent conferences
: Johnson, Zachary K., “Stockton Helps Commuting Parents: Schools Work to Keep Commuter Parents in Touch,”
The Record
, April 16, 2007.

even affluent suburbs
: Luthar, Suniya S., and Karen D’avanzo, “Contextual Factors in Substance Abuse: A Study of Suburban and Inner-City Adolescents,”
Development and Psychopathology
, 1999: 845–67.

4. How We Got Here

Henry Ford
:
Henry Ford, the Modern City: A Pestiferous Growth, in Ford Ideals: Being a Selection from Mr. Ford’s Page in the Dearborn Independent, 1922
(Whitefish, MT: Kessinger, 2010), 154–57.

Andrew Mearns
: Mearns, Andrew,
The Bitter Cry of Outcast London: An Inquiry into the Condition of the Abject Poor
(London: James Clarke, 1883).

Tenement House Commission
: Deforest, Robert W., and Lawrence Veiller,
The Tenement House Problem
(New York: Macmillan, 1903), 10.

New York’s tenement population
: Hall, Peter,
Cities of Tomorrow: An Intellectual History of Urban Planning and Design in the Twentieth Century
(Malden, MA: Blackwell, 1988), 36–37.

Le Corbusier wrote
: Fishman, Robert,
Urban Utopias of the Twentieth Century: Ebenezer Howard, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Le Corbusier
(New York: Basic Books, 1977), 186.

“We must refuse”
:
Scott, James C.,
Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998), 106.

Zoning was intended
: Hall,
Cities of Tomorrow
, 292–93.

excluded entire black communities
: Hall,
Cities of Tomorrow
, 293–94, and Todd Litman,
Where We Want to Be: Home Location Preferences and Their Implications for Smart Growth
, Victoria Transport Policy Institute, 2010.

Cars and trucks began
: Hall,
Cities of Tomorrow
, 275.

killed in motor accidents
: Norton, Peter D.,
Fighting Traffic: The Dawn of the Motor Age in the American City
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2008), 21.

mobbed by angry crowds
: Ibid., 69–77.

three-quarters of road users
: Ibid., 161.

Charles Hayes
: Ibid., 66.

In 1922
: Ibid., 76–77.

“
The automobile supplies”
: Chapin, Roy, “The Motor’s Part in Transportation.”
Annals
, 1924: 1–8.

“This country was founded”
: Norton,
Fighting Traffic
, 168.

Chapin eventually joined
: Ibid., 205.

unhindered by the friction of intersections
: “Transport: Four Frictions,”
Time,
August 3, 1936,
www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,770337,00.html
(accessed January 9, 2011).

1937 National Planning Conference
: “Present System of City Streets Completely Inadequate to Handle Heavy Traffic, Expert Declares,”
Evening Independent
, June 1, 1937: 5.

motor age city
: Leinberger, Christopher,
The Option of Urbanism
:
Investing in a New America Dream
(Washington, D.C., Island Press), 18.

More than twenty-four million people
: Gelernter, David,
1939, The Lost World of the Fair
(New York: Free Press, 1995), 25.

a company formed by
: Hall,
Cities of Tomorrow
, 291; Bianco, Martha J., “Kennedy, 60 Minutes, and Roger Rabbit: Understanding Conspiracy-Theory Explanations of the Decline of Urban Mass Transit,” discussion paper, Portland: Center for Urban Studies, College of Urban and Public Affairs, Portland State University, 1998; United States v. National City Lines, 186 F.2d 562 (United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, January 3, 1951).

Federal-Aid Highway Act
: Hall,
Cities of Tomorrow
, 291.

new wave of urbanists
: Such as David Owen, author of
Green Metropolis
.

5. Getting It Wrong

Mark Twain
: Twain, Mark, “Captain Stromfield’s Visit to Heaven,” in
The Best Short Stories by Mark Twain
, ed. Lawrence Berkove (New York: Modern Library, 2004), 234.

Daniel Kahneman
: Kahneman, Daniel, interview by Gallup Business Journal, “Are You Happy Now?” (February 10, 2005),
http://businessjournal.gallup.com/content/14872/happy-now.aspx
(accessed March 3, 2012).

The average price
: “Greater Vancouver Housing Market Trends Near Long-term Averages as Spring Market Approaches,” Real Estate Board of Greater Vancouver, March 2, 2012,
www.rebgv.org/news-statistics/greater-vancouver-housing-market-trends-near-long-term-averages-spring-market
(accessed March 8, 2012).

Dubbed the evolutionary happiness function
: Rayo, Luis, and Gary Becker, “Evolutionary Efficiency and Happiness,”
Journal of Political Economy
, 2007: 302–37.

people who endure long drives
: Stutzer, Alois, and Bruno S. Frey, “Stress That Doesn’t Pay: The Commuting Paradox,”
Scandinavian Journal of Economics
, 2008: 339–66.

adaptation
: Frey, Bruno S.,
Happiness: A Revolution in Economics
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2010), 131–33.

extrinsic or intrinsic motivators
: Ibid., 131; Deci, Edward L., and Richard M. Ryan, “The ‘What’ and ‘Why’ of Goal Pursuits: Human Needs and the Self-Determination of Behavior,”
Psychological Inquiry
, 2000: 227–68.

activity is its own reward
: Frey,
Happiness: A Revolution
, 130.

freshmen at Harvard
: Baker, Meredith C., and Cara K. Fahey, “The Housing Market, 2009: Mather House,”
Harvard Crimson
, March 9, 2009,
www.thecrimson.com/article/2009/3/15/the-housing-crisis-mather-house
(accessed January 9, 2011).

concrete tower of Mather House
: “Dictionary of Harvardisms from A to Z: The Vocabulary You Need to Get Through Your Life at Harvard,”
Harvard Crimson
, August 24, 2009,
www.thecrimson.com/article/2009/8/24/dictionary-of-harvardisms-2-am-1
(accessed January 9, 2011).

were they right?
: Dunn, Elizabeth W., and Timothy D. Wilson, “Location, Location, Location: The Misprediction of Satisfaction in Housing Lotteries,”
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
, 2003: 1421–32.

Californians were happier
: Schkade, D., and D. Kahneman, “Does Living in California Make People Happy? A Focusing Illusion in Judgments of Life Satisfaction,”
Psychological Science
, 1998: 340–46.

flock to high-status cities
: Oswald, Andrew J., and Stephan Wu, “Objective Confirmation of Subjective Measures of Human Well-Being: Evidence from the U.S.A.,”
Science
, 2010: 576–79; Sharpe, Andrew, Ali Ghanghro, Erik Johnson, and Anam Kidwai,
Does Money Matter? Determining the Happiness of Canadians
, Research Report, Ottawa: Centre for the Study of Living Standards, 2010.