Europe: A History (278 page)

Law 173, 182–4
(see also
Constitutional)

Law, John 582, 627

Lawrence, D. H. 860, 865, 893, 952

Le Brun, Charles 623

League of Nations 927, 942, 949–50, 951, 969, 979, 986, 1003

League of the Holy Court 352

Lechfeld, battle of (955) 316

Lefebvre, François Joseph 689

Lefèvre d’Etaples, Jacques 477, 490

Legends xv-xvii, 218, 223–4, 230–1

Leibniz, Gottfried 599

Leipzig, ‘Battle of the Nations’ (1813) 737, 744

Lend-Lease Aid 1008, 1030

Lenin (V. I. Ulyanov) 839, 894, 916, 917, 919, 920, 929, 934, 935, 937, 959–60, 964, 1130, 1132

Leo III, Pope 298

Leo LX, Pope 330

Leo XIII, Pope 797, 799

Leon and Castile, Kingdom of 393, 451

Leopardi, Giacomo 783–4

Leopold I, King of Belgium 804

Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor 647, 717

Lepanto, battle of (1571) 560

Le Preste de Vauban, Sebastien 519, 619–20

Leprosy
279–80

Leviathan
521

Liberalism 802–5, 807, 810–12

Libraries
522

Liechtenstein 1089

Ligurian Republic 731

Linden, Franconia 565

Lindisfarne 1207

Linnaeus, Carl von Linne 599

Lisbon earthquake 640

List, Friedrich 766

Liszt, Franz
784
, 1211

Literature

Decadence 861–2

Enlightenment 581, 589–90

Greece (Ancient) 111, 115, 117

Inter-war 952–3

medieval 349–50, 439–40

Nationalism and 819

Picaresque style
535–6

post-1945 1076–7

Renaissance 481–2

Romanticism 682–3, 783–7

Rome (Ancient) 174, 176–9

Lithuania

language
228

modern 1256

nationalism 828

Lithuania, Grand Duchy

Christianity and 430

medieval 1256

partition of 660–1

rise of 392

under John Sobieski 657

union with Poland 429–30

(see also
Rzeczpospolita
)

Little Entente 977

Litvinov, Maxim 986, 996

Livonian Crusade 362–3

Livy (Titus Livius) 143, 177

Lloyd George, David 928

Lloyd’s of London
630

Llull, Ramon 441, 444

local history
343–4, 410–11

Locarno Pact (1925) 942, 950

Locke, John 597–8, 603

Lombards 234, 276–7, 284, 286, 287, 289, 290

Lorraine 1281

Louis-Philippe, King of France 803, 804, 812

Louis II, Jagiellon, King of Bohemia and

Hungary 524, 560

Louis VII, King of France 353–4

Louis DC, King of France 355, 357

Louis XI, King of France 423, 426

Louis XIV, King of France 541, 542, 573, 574, 579–80, 593, 614–21, 623–5, 627–8, 631, 1210

arts 621, 623

economy 618–19

foreign policy 623–5

government 617

military 619–20

personality 616–17,1210

religion and 620–1

society 617–18

Louis XV, King of France 614, 627–8

Louis XVI, King of France 628, 688, 689, 691, 694, 695, 699, 702, 717, 719

deposed 695, 699, 719, 721

executed 699, 710–11

flight to Varennes 699, 702, 717

Louis XVII, dauphin 699, 704

Louis XVIII, King of France 703, 753, 961

Lounrot, Elias
818

Lourdes
798–9

Louvain, University of 502

Louvois, François Marquis de 619, 621

Lübeck, Treaty of (1629) 564

Lublin, Union of (1569) 554–5

Luddites 737

Lully, Jean-Baptiste 590, 623

Lunéville, Treaty of (1801) 726

Lusitania 910

Luther, Martin 484–5,
486–8
, 488, 490, 1209

Lützen, battle of (1632) 554, 564

Luxemburg Compromise (1966) 1086

Luxemburg, House of 395, 428, 429, 1261

Luxemburg 1032

L’viv (Lwów, Lemberg) 429,
622–3
, 831,
924–5
, 1013
(see also
Galicia) Lyon
187–8

Lysenko,T. D.
830

Maastricht Treaty (1991) 1120, 1126–7, 1132

Macdonald Plan (1933) 987

Macedonia

Balkan Wars and 874,1309

rise
of 102,
134–5

under Antigonid dynasty 133

Macedonian Wars 145

Machiavelli, Niccolo 473, 520

Mackinder, Halford 24, 872, 874

Macpherson, James 613–14

Magellan, Ferdinand 511

Magic 396–7,
405–6
, 437, 469–71,
530–1, 566–7

Maginot, André 977

Maginot Line 977, 1006

Magna Carta (1215) 354, 551

Magyars
218, 296, 316, 819

Majdanek 1002

Małachowski, Stanislaw 692

Malet, Claude-François
746

Malplaquet, battle of (1709) 625

Malta
78
, 220, 724–5, 1117

Malthus, Thomas 781

Manchester 681

Manchester School 803

Mandel’shtam, Nadzezhda 953

Mandel’shtam, Osip 953

Manet, Edouard 862, 865

Manhattan Project 1036

Mann, Thomas
495, 893, 952–3

Manners, history of
346–7

Mansfeld, Count Ernst von 564

Manuel I, Byzantine Emperor 333

Mao Zedong 1090–1, 1104

Marat, Jean 677, 702, 709

Marathon, battle of (490
BC)
98

Marcellus, Claudius 139, 142–3, 144

Marco Polo 366, 1209

Marcus Antonius (Mark Antony) 158

Marcus Aurelius, Roman Emperor 189, 191, 192

Margaret, Countess of Flanders 376–7

Margaret, Queen of Denmark, Norway and

Sweden 431

Maria Theresa, of Habsburg 646, 647, 648, 663

Maria I, Queen of Portugal 639

Marie-Antoinette, Queen of France 699, 717, 719

Marie-Louise of Austria, Empress of

France 726, 752, 756

Marignano, battle of (1515) 544

Marr, Nikolai Yakovlevitch 219

Marseillaise
718

Marseille
107–8

Marshall, George 1063–4

MarshallPlan 1064, 1065, 1080

Marsilio of Padua 440

Marx, Karl 507, 689, 766, 782, 814, 837–8

Marxism 838–40, 861, 974
(see also

Communism)

Mary Tudor, Queen of England 545

Masaryk,Jan 1062, 1067

Masurian Lakes, battle of (1914) 903

Matejko, Jan 1209

Mathematics
125
,349,
600
, 1242–3
(see also

Numeracy)

Maurras, Charles 822

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor 524–5

Maximillian de Béthune
662–3

Mayflower, the 513

Mazarin, Jules, Cardinal 542, 574, 616

Mazeppa, Hetman of Ukraine 653, 655

Mazowiecki, Tadeusz 1123, 1124

Mazzini, Giuseppe 814, 823, 824

Medicine
123, 233, 431, 433, 489–90

medieval

architecture 440–1

art 441

economy 366, 368, 370

education 439

ethics 438

fashion
437

historiography 349, 384–5, 439”40

hunting
422–3

international relations 440

law 438–9

literature 348–50, 439

merchants
442–3

military technology 440

music 441

mysticism 436–7

national identity 380–1, 382

philosophy 433

political thought 440

popular risings 413, 417

religion 436–7

science 433, 435–6

society 311–16, 335–6, 431–2

witchcraft 437

Mediterranean Sea 56, 59

Mehmet II, Ottoman Sultan 448, 450

Mein Kampf
970, 971

Melanchthon, Philip 477, 485, 597

Mendel, Gregor
830

Mendeleev, Dmitri
791–2

Mentalities 198–9, 274–5, 483, 503, 514–15, 541, 543–4, 596, 612, 778–91, 860, 911, 922–3

Mercantilism 523, 602, 618

Méricourt, Anne-Joseph
716–17

Messiaen, Olivier 957

Messina Conference (1955) 1084

Methodology, Historical
67, 137, 175–6, 241, 424–5, 583–4, 825, 955–6, 988–9, 1014–15, 1026–7

Metternich, Clemens, Prince von 762, 805

Michael Romanov, Tsar of Russia 558

Michelangelo Buonarotti 480, 481

Michelet, Jules 677, 689

Mickiewicz, Adam 745, 786, 804–5

Midi 62, 362

Mieszko I, Prince of the Polanie 325

Militarism 715

Military History 72–3, 98–102, 139–47, 150, 151–3, 153–8, 167–70, 172–4, 185–8, 248–50, 312–14, 316, 345–8, 358–60, 361–4,
391
, 401,
414–15
, 419–25, 440, 448–50, 518–20, 529–31, 534–9, 542–5, 552–3,554, 563–8, 581,
612
619–20, 624–5, 641–3, 647–9, 652–3, 661, 715–48, 727, 736, 748–57, 761–2, 780, 865–9, 871–5, 901–38,
904, 905, 936
,991–3, 998–1048,
1022–3
,1266–7, 1282–3, 1325, 1326–7, 1328–9

Military Revolution 518–20

Mill, John Stuart 803

Milton, John 575, 589

Minoan Civilization xv, 81, 89–91, 92–3, 94

Mir Fortress
745

Mirabeau, Count Honoré de 675, 694, 695, 702

Mithras 160, 200

Modernization 1293

cultural 775

demographic 781–2

economic 764–8, 770–1

Industrialization 764–6, 1212, 1293, 1296–7

military
780

political 777,
780

psychological
777

social 771, 774–5

Modernism 854, 856, 859–61

Mohacs, battle of (1526) 429, 430, 560

Moldavia 1011, 1212

Moldova 1212

Molière, Jean-Baptiste Poquelin 589, 618,
623
,

665

Molotov, Vyacheslav 964, 996, 1010, 1038

Moltke, Field Marshal Helmuth von 875

Monaco 1089

Monet, Claude 866, 1212

Money 101, 295–6, 525

Mongols 296, 298, 332,364, 366, 389, 392, 393

Monnet, Jean 10, 1083, 1084

Monserrat 300

Montenegro

Balkan Wars and 874

early modern 644

Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat 47,

603

Montessori, Maria 863

Moravia, Christianity and 321

Morike, Eduard 670

Moscow

architecture 747

Kremlin 460–1

Patriarchate of 504–5

Mountains 55–6, 57, 613, 785

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus 590, 665, 673,688

Cost fan tutte
670, 672

Don Giovanni
665–7, 668, 670, 671, 673

le nozze de Figaro
667, 668, 670

Mucha, Alphonse 1206

Muhammad 251, 252

Mun, Thomas 523

Munich Crisis 987, 990–1

Munzenberg, Willi 501

Muscovy 1264

and Ukraine 558

as the Third Rome 462–3, 464

Counter-Reformation and 504–5

foreign policy 462, 463–4, 466–7

Ivan IV and 557

Legal Code 558

medieval 455, 457

origins 389, 392

Russian Orthodox Church 446–6, 464–5, 557

theology 465–6

Time of Troubles 557–8

Music

Avant Garde 865

Baroque 505, 590

dodecophony 957

Gregorian Chant 271–3

Inter-war 956

medieval 271–3, 441

Nationalism and 819–20

Opera 532, 994–5

Popular
912–14

religious 271–3, 331–4

Romanticism 688

Renaissance 118, 480–1, 957

Sonata 591

Violin 592–3

Mussolini, Benito 949, 951, 979, 990, 1031, 1045

Mycenae 81, 92

Myth 110–11,
269–70

Nagy, Imre 1103

Nairn, Tom 834

Nantes, Edict of (1598) 506–7, 594, 620–1

Naples, Kingdom of 731

Napoleon I
(see
Bonaparte)

Napoleon III, Emperor of France 803, 805, 823,

868

Naruszewicz, Bishop Adam 605

Nassau, Duchy of 527–9

National Self-determination 813, 927

Nationalism

cultural nationalism 812–13

folklore and 816–17,
818

French Revolution and 715

history and 815

Integral nationalism 822

invented tradition
635–6

language and 815–16

literature and 819

modernization and 820–1

music and 819–20

national consciousness 381–2

national heroes
348, 827

Political nationalism 813

Popular or ‘ethnic’ nationalism 812,
814

race and
734–5, 817

religion and
817

State or ‘civic’ nationalism 812, 813–14

(see also
Zionism)

Natural disasters 640
(see
Catastrophes)

Naval warfare 98, 545, 549, 619, 625, 726–7, 853,

887, 909–10, 1028–9, 1210

Naujocks, Helmut 997–8

Navarre, Kingdom of 393

Navigation Act (1651) 549

Nazi Party (NSDAP)

ideology 971, 974

internationalism 1017

origins 942, 969–70

policies 876–7, 971, 974–6

assumption of power 966–7, 969

Neanderthals 69

Neave, Airey 1048, 1050

Necker, Jacques 688, 691, 693, 694

Nelson, Horatio 725, 738

Nero, Roman Emperor 189

Nerva, Roman Emperor
189

Netherlands

‘Batavian Republic’ 721, 729

Calvinism 494

colonialism 513, 580

County of Holland 375–7

De-colonization 1069

Dutch language 378–9

Dutch Revolt 534, 536, 538–9, 1275

eighteenth century 640

Enlightenment 597

independence 538–9, 567

‘Kingdom of Holland’ 729

literature 379

Napoleon and 729

national consciousness 379–80, 381

origins 372–4, 375

religion 379, 494

revolt of 1787 690

society 379,
540