Europe: A History (277 page)

Habsburg, House of Cameralism 646

eighteenth century 646–7

French Revolutionary Wars 717, 719, 721, 722, 727, 728

French Wars 544–5

‘Jozefinism’ 646

medieval 395, 397, 404, 427–9, 430

money 525

Muscovy and 462, 467

and Polish Partitions 663, 722

rise of 524–6, 529, 1270

Spanish Habsburgs 526, 529, 531–2, 534
(see also
Austria (Empire), Holy Roman Empire)

Hacha, Emil 993, 995

Hadrian, Roman Emperor 189

Hadrianopolis, battle of (376
AD)
229

Hague Conventions 875

Halle, University of 608, 646, 648

Halley, Edmund
630

Hallstein, Walter 1085

Hals, Frans 1210

Hamann, Johann Georg 611, 613

Hannibal 139, 142, 146, 147, 155

Hanover, House of 632,
637–8, 809–10
, 1300–1

Hanseatic League 340–1, 366, 431

Harris, Arthur ‘Bomber’ 414–15

Hastings, battle of (1066) 339, 1207

Havel, Vaclav 1107, 1115

Hawkins, John
452–3

Haydn, Franz Joseph 688

Hayek, Friedrich von 483

Healey, Seamus 85

Hébert, Jacques René 703

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich 789–90, 814

Heilbronn, League of 564, 565

Helsinki Final Act (1975) 1111, 1115

Henry the Fowler, King of Germany 39, 316–17

Henry‘die Navigator’, Prince of Portugal 451

Henry Valois, King of Poland 555

Henry II, King of England 354, 1252

Henry II, King of France 539, 545

Henry III, King of England 354, 357

Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor 339, 342

Henry IV, King of France 539, 541

Henry V, King of England 420, 421, 423

Henry VIII, King of England 490, 492, 545, 549

Heraditus
119, 122

Heraclius, Byzantine Emperor 244, 245, 246

Herder, Johann Gottfried von 686, 816,
818

Hermetic Writings 136

Herodotus 129, 132

Herzl, Theodore 846

Hess, Rudolf 1053, 1054

Hesse-Darmstadt
809–10

Hills, Denis 1046–7

Himmler, Heinrich 975, 1002

Hindenburg, Paul von 967, 970

Hippocrates 122

Historiography
269–70, 509, 860

Allied Scheme of History 39–42, 1055

Ancient Greece 129–32

Ancient Rome 177

Communist history 36–7

dendrochronology
163

documentary history
723

economic determinism
424–5

Enlightenment 603–5

Eurohistory 42–5

family history
447–8, 514–15, 724

Fascist history 38–9

historical empathy 3

historical novel
825

History Today 1–7, 39–42

internationalist history 36–9

local history 343–4

medieval 349, 439–40

nationalist history 32–6

post-modernism 6

Renaissance 520

Romanticism
348
, 815

Rome (Ancient) 177

social history
650–1

structuralism 3,
67, 424–5, 583–4
, 678–9

(see also
Methodology, Historical)

Hitler, Adolf 38, 39, 904, 942, 966, 967, 969–71, 972“3, 974, 975, 986, 987, 990, 991, 992–3, 995, 996, 997, 1000, 1002, 1003, 1005, 1006, 1010, 1012–13, 1016, 1023, 1028, 1031, 1039, 1040, 1041, 1042, 1045, 1051, 1211, 1328–9

Hittites 83, 91, 92

Hoare-Laval Pact (1935) 987

Hobbes, Thomas 521, 602

Hoche, General Lazare 708, 721

Hofer, Andreas 677

Hoffman, E. T. A. 731

Hohenstaufen, House of 351, 353, 395, 397, 398

HohenzoUern, Albrecht von, Duke of Prussia 556

Hohenzollern, House of 494, 556–7, 625, 647, 648–9

Holocaust
706–7
, 1016, 1018,
1019–20
, 1020–1, 1022–3, 1023, 1025,
1026–7
, 1328–9

Holy Alliance 762–3

Holy League (1684) 643, 657

Holy Roman Empire 1246–7

decline 646–7

demise 726, 731, 733

Law 438

medieval 395, 397

origins 316–17

Papacy and 317, 350–1, 353, 377

(see also
Germany, Habsburg, House of)

Homer 111, 114–15

Homosexuality
876–7

Honecker, Erich 1105, 1123

Honorius, Byzantine Emperor 240

Horace (Horatius Flaccus) 178

Horthy, Admiral, Nicholas 934, 948

Hossbach Memorandum
988–9

Hrotswitha of Gandersheim 439

Hubertsburg, Treaty of (1763) 649

Huguenots 494, 502, 506–7, 513, 620–1, 627, 648

Huizinga, Johan 383, 385

Humanism 115–17, 477–82

Human Rights 26, 679, 713–14, 715–16, 737, 1285

Humbert, General 737, 1285

Hume, David 597, 598, 603

Humour 121

Hundred Years’ War 419–21, 423, 425, 426

Hungary 1318

Budapest
367–8

Calvinism 494

Christianity and 326

under Habsburgs 524–5, 526, 647

‘Kadarism’ 1104

Kingdom of 335

medieval 429

orthodoxy in 505

partition (1533) 560

revolution of 1848 804

revolution of 1989 1123

Rising of 1956 1103–4

St Stephen 326, 335,
367–8

Soviet Republic (1919) 932, 934

Huns 215, 220, 229, 232

Hunting 1208

Hus, Jan 403–4, 419, 428

Husak, Gustav 1106, 1107

Hussites 428–9

Iberian Peninsula

Christian reconquest of 345, 393, 1208, 1241

Christianity and 276

historical geography 61

under Muslim control 253–5, 256–7, 345,
348
, 393–4. 453–4, 533, 1241

(see also
Portugal, Spain)

Ibn-Jakub, Ibrahim 324–5

Icons 245–6,
247–4
, 300–1, 1206–7

Illyria 139, 219,
645

Illyrian Provinces 730–1, 739, 1230–1

Illyricum (Roman province)
186
, 1230–1

Illyrist Movement (Illyrism) 730–1

Imperialism 848, 851, 853–4

Naval power and 853

Individualism
483

Indo-European Languages 84, 86

Indo-European Peoples 219, 220–1, 1233
(see also
individual peoples)

Indus Civilization 79–80, 95, 1216, 1242

Industrial Revolution 679–82,771
(see also
Modernization)

Influenza
776–7

Innocent III, Pope 360, 361, 362

Insurance
630

Inter-War Period (1918–39)

American influence 958

architecture 956

art 953, 956

cinema 958

dictatorships 943, 1320

literature 952–3

music 956, 958

new states 921, 927–8, 937–8, 939, 943–4, 977–9, 1306, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1319

non-aggression pacts 949, 1322

politics 943–9

re-armament 991–2

rural economy 958–9

women’s rights 958

International Law 521, 523

International Relations
(see
Disarmament, East-West relations, Geopolitics, Imperialism, International Law, League of Nations, Military History, Pacifism, Trade, War

Investiture Contest 339, 342

Iona 277

Ireland

Christianity and 263, 275

colonization 1279

Counter-Reformation 503

early modern
550
, 551, 552, 553, 1279

eighteenth century 636–7

Home Rule 829, 831

‘Irish Free State’ 943–4

language 549, 550, 1235

medieval 308–9

Napoleonic Wars and 721, 737

national question 829, 831

post-1945 1088

potato famine 831–3

Union with England (1801) 637, 737

(see also
Ulster)

Irish missions 276

Iron Age 83–4

Iron Curtain 18, 1056, 1069, 1123, 1127–8

Iron Guard
968–9

Isabella, Princess of Castile 451, 453, 454

Islam 251–5, 257–4

Christianity and 257–8, 266

Slavs and 255, 257

see also
Iberian Peninsula, Ottoman Empire

Isle of Man 1089

Istambul 1209

Italy

eighteenth century 639

historical geography 61

inter-war politics 948–9, 979

‘Kingdom of (northern) Italy’ 729, 731

medieval 397–9, 401, 419

Napoleon and 722, 729, 731

post-1945 1093, 1313

Renaissance 473–7, 1269

‘Risorgimento’ 823, 1313, 1304

State nationalism 814

World War I 901, 907, 909

World War II 995, 998, 1010, 1030–1, 1313

Ivan I, ‘Kalita’, Grand Duke of Moscow 389, 392

Ivan III 455, 457, 460, 461–2, 463–4, 465, 466, 467

Ivan IV ‘the Terrible’, Tsar 504–5, 557

Ivan VI, Tsar 652

Jacobins 695, 702–3, 707, 709, 712, 719

Jacobites 632

Jacquard, Joseph-Marie
681

Jagiellon, House of 428, 429–30, 463, 466, 554, 1261, 1262

James I, King of England (VI of Scotland) 545, 549–50, 551

James II, King of England 629

Jannequin, Clément 480–1

Jansen, Cornelius 502

Jaroslav the Wise, Prince of Kiev 334

Jaruzelski, General Wojciech 1108

Jasenovac 706–7

Jaurès, Jean 874, 875

Jeanne d’Arc 420, 421

Jeans 774

Jena, battle of (1806) 727

Jerusalem 192, 196, 197, 251, 253, 345, 358

Kingdom of 358, 359

Jesuit Order 484, 496–7, 504, 593–4, 628, 797

Jesus of Nazareth 192–3

Jewry 1208

Cabala 396–7

emancipation 843

ghettoes 338, 843

‘Haskalah’ 842, 843

in medieval Spain 394, 453, 454

in modern Europe 842–3, 845–8

in WWII 1022–3

Khazaria
236–7

medieval 1208

migration 842–3

Pale of Settlement in Russia 795, 842, 843, 1311

pogroms 844

usury
416

(see also
Anti-semitism, Holocaust, Judaism)

Jiti z Podebrad 429

Jogaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania 392, 429, 430

John Casimir, King of Poland 555, 556

John, Duke of Bedford 421

John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster 420, 423, 425

John (Lackland), King of England 354, 355, 357

John Paul II, Pope 1079

John Sobieski, King of Poland 655, 657

John V, King of Portugal 638

John XXIII, Pope 1078–9

Jones, Sir William 84

Joseph I, King of Portugal 638

Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor 646, 647, 672, 692

Joyce, James 865, 952

Judaism

Cabala
396–7

and Christianity 197, 199–200

‘Hasidism’ 595, 845

Reformed Judaism 843, 845

Julian, Roman Emperor 240, 258–9

Julius II, Pope 484

Jung, Carl 861

Justinian II, Byzantine Emperor 245

Justinian, Roman Emperor 184, 239, 242

Juvenal (Iunius Iuvenalis) 179

Kadar, Janos 1103, 1104

Kafka, Franz 865, 953

Kalmar, Union of (1397) 431,553

Kant, Immanuel 611, 613, 683, 686, 780

Kapp Putsch (1920) 941

Karadzič, Vuk 817

Karageorge Petrovich 644

Kashubs of Pomerania 234, 829

Katyń massacres (1940) 1003, 1004–5, 1053

Kautsky, Karl 838

Kazan 300, 364, 557, 587

Keats, John 783

Kellog-Briand Pact (1928) 950

Kennedy, John F. 1112–13

Kepler, Johann 508

Kerensky, Alexander 916

Keynes, John Maynard
942

KGB 658, 929, 931, 962, 1091, 1095
(see also
NKVD)

Khazaria 220, 235, 236–7, 1240

Khmelnytsky, Bohdan 555–6, 588

Kierkegaard, Søren 795, 796

Kievan Rus’ 293,
656–7
, 1249, 1264

Christianity and 326, 328

disintegration 334, 656–7, 1249

Kipling, Rudyard 17

Kirov, Sergei 964

Kishinev 1012

Kléber, Jean Baptiste, General 705

Klinger, Friedrich Maximilian von 613

Knossos
see
Cnossos

Knox, John 494, 549

Kołakowski, Leszek 839, 1076, 1099, 1166

Kołłątaj, Hugo 692

Komensky, J. A. 609–10

Königgratz, battle of (1866) 826

Königsberg (Kalingrad) 1060

Köprülüs family 641

Koran 251, 252

Korean War 1082, 1110

Kornilov, General Lavr 916

Korzon, Tadeusz 33

Kościuszko, Tadeusz 660, 719, 721–2

Košice, Statute of (1374) 429

Kosovo, battle of (1389) 389

Kossinna, Gustav 84, 86

Kraina (Croatia) 561, 1124, 1284

Kraków (Cracow) 365

Republic of 762, 804, 828

Krasiński, Wincehty 753

Krikalyev, Sergei 1126

Krochmal, Nachman 845, 846

Kropotkin, Peter 840

Krushchev, Nikita 1090, 1091–2, 1102–3, 1112, 1113

Kucuk-Kainardji, Treaty of (1774) 643

Kun, Bela 932, 934, 948

Kurgan culture 86

Kuropaty Forest
963

Kursk, battle of (1943) 52,
1033

Labrousse, C. E. 689

Labrunie, Gerard 787

Lafayette, Marie Marquis de 694, 695, 702, 703

Lake Trasimeno, battle of (217
BC)
155

Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste 792

Lamartine, Alphonse de 783, 804

Lamennais, Hughes 795, 796

Lampedusa, G. T. di 825

Lancaster, House of 420, 421, 423, 425

Land Reclamation 374–5, 602

Language xv, 72, 79, 84–6, 86–8, 91, 117, 176–9, 219–20, 228, 235–8, 310, 399–401, 477–8, 481–2, 550, 589, 815–16,
858–9
, 862, 946, 1076–7, 1232–3

Languedoc 355, 361–2

Lassalle, Ferdinand 837

Last words
687

Lateran Treaty (1929) 944

Latin 237–8, 349, 1218

Lausanne Conference (1932) 943

Lausanne, Treaty of (1923) 938

Laval, Pierre 1050,1060

Lavoisier, Antoine
642