Europe: A History (248 page)

HYSTERIA 1
. Quoted by Mary K. Lefkowitz in ‘The Wandering Womb’,
Heroines and Hysterics
(London, 1981), 15–16. See also L. Dean-Jones,
Women’s Bodies in Classical Greek Science
(Oxford, 1994)1. • Lefkowitz, ‘The Wandering Womb’, 12.
3
. E. Shorter,
A History of Women’s Bodies
(London, 1982).

IKON 1
. See J. Baggley,
Doors of Perception: Icons and their spiritual significance
(London, 1987).
2
. See N. P. Kondrakov, ‘Iconography of the Boguroditsa’, in
The Russian Icon
(Oxford, 1927).
3
. G. Ramos-Poquí,
The Technique of Icon Painting
(Tunbridge Wells, 1990).
4
. Stefania Hnatenko,
Treasures of Early Ukrainian Art: Religious Art of the 16–18th Centuries
(Ukrainian Museum) (New York, 1959); S. Hordynsky,
The Ukrainian Ikon from the XII to the XVIII centuries
(Toronto, 1973).
5
. Suzanne Martinet,
La Sainte-Face de Laon et son histoire
(Laon, 1988).
6
. Maxim Gorky,
Childhood
(Penguin Classics, London, 1966), pp. 61–4.

ILLYRIA 1
. See D. Gelt,
The Slovenians from the Earliest Times
(Victoria, 1983); E. M. Despalatović, l.
Gaj and the Illyrian Movement
(New York, 1973); J. Punk
et aL, A Brief History of Slovenia
(Ljubljana, 1994); S. Gazi,
A History of Croatia
(New York, 1973); R. W. Seton-Watson,
The Southern Slav Question and the Habsburg Monarchy
(New York, 1911); J. Pogonowski,
Iliryzm i Siowianszczyzna
(Lwów, 1924).

ILLYRICUM 1
. See J. Wilkes,
The Illyrians
(Oxford, 1992); also ‘The Provinces of the Empire’, T. Cornell, J. Matthews,
Atlas of the Roman World
(Oxford, 1982), 118–66.

IMPRESSION 1
. Herman Wechsler,
Lives of Famous French Painters
(New York, 1962), 103–8.
2
. Ibid. 16.

INDEX 1
. N. Parsons,
The Book of Literary Lists
(London, 1985), 207–13.
2
. See J. Vernaud and A. Bennett,
An Index to INDEX ON CENSORSHIP, 1972–88
(London, 1989).
3
.
New Catholic Encyclopedia
(Washington, DC, 1967).

INFANTA 1
. Quoted by Philippe Ariés,
Centuries of Childhood: A Social History of Family Life
(London, 1979), 15.
2
. Prado, Madrid: Coello,
The Infanta Isabella
(1579), Cat. 1137; Velasquez,
The Infanta Margherita of Austria
(1659), Cat. 1192. See S. N. Orso,
Velazquez, los Barrochos, and Painting in the Court of Philip IV
(Cambridge, 1993).
3
. Aries,
Centuries of Childhood
, ch. 5, ‘From Immodesty to Innocence’.

INQUISITIO 1
. See F. E. Dostoyevsky,
The Brothers Karamazov
(1880) trans. D. Magarshack (Harmondsworth, 1958); also
The Grand Inquisitor
, trans. S. Koteliansky, intro, by D. H. Lawrence (London, 1935).
2
. See Eduard Wasioiek,
Dostoyevsky: the major fiction
(Boston, 1964); Judith Gunn,
Dostoyevsky: dreamer and prophet
(Oxford, 1990); J. Frank,
Dostoyevsky
(Princeton, 1979– ),
3
. vols.; W. J. Leatherbarrow,
Dostoyevsky: The Brothers Karamazov
(Cambridge, 1992).
3
. Quoted by A. B. Gibson,
The Religion of
Dostoyevsky
(London, 1973), 187.
4
. Quoted by Gunn, op. cit.
5
. John 12:24.

IONA 1
. Ellen Murray,
Peace and Adventure: The Story of lona
(Glasgow, 1987). See also T. O. Clancy, G. Marcus,
lona: the Earliest Poetry of a Celtic Monastery
(Edinburgh, 1995).

JACQUARD 1
. See S. Augarten,
Bit by Bit: An Illustrated History of Computers
(London, 1984).

JEANS 1
. See Joanna Brogden, ‘Strauss, Levi’, in
Fontana Biographical Companion to Modern Thought
(London, 1983), 734.

KALEVALA 1
. With special acknowledgement to Prof. M. A. Branch. See also F. J. Oinas,
Studies in Finnic folklore: homage to the Kalevala
(Mãntã, 1985).

KATYŃ 1
. NKVD to Comrade Stalin, 5 March 1940, nr 794/5, Central Committee Archives of the CPSU. Document released by President Yeltsin, and published in
Gazeta wyborcza
(Warsaw), nr 243 (1016), 15 Oct. 1992.
2
. See J. T. Gross,
Polish Society under German Occupation, 1939–45
(Princeton, 1979); R. Lukas,
The Forgotten Holocaust
(Lexington, KY, 1986).
3
. Conversation with Stalin in the Kremlin, 14 November 1941. S. Kot,
Conversations with the Kremlin and Despatches from Russia
(London, 1963), 112–43.
4
. Detailed studies summarizing the case prior to Moscow’s confession of guilt included
The Crime of Katyń: Facts and Documents
(Polish Cultural Foundation, 1948), trans. (London, 1965); J. Mackiewicz,
The Katyn Wood Murders
(London, 1951); J. Czapski,
The Inhuman Land
(London, 1951); J. K. Zawodny,
Death in the Forest: The story of the Katyn Forest Massacre
(Notre Dame, 1962); Louis Fitzgibbon,
Katyn: Crime without parallel
(London, 1971);
Despatches of Sir Owen O’Malley to the British Government
(London, 1972); M. Dabrowski (ed.),
KATYN, 1940–1990: Documentary Exhibition Commemorating the Fiftieth Anniversary
(Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum, London, 1990).
5
. Philip C. Bell, ‘The Katyn Graves Revealed’ in
John Bull and the Bear: British Public Opinion, Foreign Policy and the USSR, 1941–5
(London, 1990). See also C. S. and S. A. Garrett, ‘Death and Politics: The Katyn Forest Massacre and American Foreign Policy’,
East European Quarterly
, 20/4, Jan. 1987, 429–46.
6
. As reported in
The Times
, 10 June 1995.
7
. Nicholas Bethell, ‘The Cold Killers of Kalinin’, the
Observer
, 6 Oct. 1991. Further studies published after the Soviet confession of guilt include: Allen Paul,
Katyń: the Untold Story of Stalin’s Polish Massacre
(New York, 1991), and Vladimir Abarinov,
The Murderers of Katyn
, trans, from the Russian (Hippocrene, New York, 1993).
8
. See the illegal publication by J. Łojek,
Dzieje sprawy Katynia
(Warsaw, 1983).
9
.
The Black Book of Polish Censorship
(Directives of the Polish State Censorship for 1976) (London, 1977).
10
. A. Moszyński (ed.),
Lista Katyríska
(The Katyn List) (London, 1977).
11
. See Ewa Haraszti Taylor,
A Life with Alan
(London, 1987), 221.

KEELHAUL 1
. Denis Hills,
Tyrants and Mountains: a Reckless Life
(London, 1992), 103–8.
2
. Ibid. 120–4. Hills was rewarded by being caricatured in Leon Uris’s novel
Exodus
, and the subsequent Hollywood film based on the incident, as the man who tried to
stop
the ship from sailing.
3
. Ibid. 130.
4
. Ibid. 136.
5
. Ibid. 137–40.
6
. See Nicholas Bethell,
The Last Secret: Forcible Repatriation to Russia, 1944–47
(London, 1974); Nicholas Tolstoy,
Victims of Yalta
(London, 1978); Nicholas Tolstoy,
The Minister and the Massacres
(London, 1986).
7
. A. Cowgill, T. Brimelow, C. Booker,
The Repatriation from Austria in 1945: the Report of an Enquiry
, 2 vols. (London, 1990); reviewed by J. Jolliffe, ‘The Riviera of Hades’,
Spectator
, 20 Oct. 1990; D. Johnson, ‘Macmillan: a vindication that came too late’,
The Times
, 19 Oct. 1990; R. Harris, ‘Here’s a way out for every war criminal’,
Sunday Times
, 21 Oct. 1990.

KHAZARIA 1
. Quoted by O. Pritsak, ‘The Khazar Kingdom’s Conversion to Judaism’,
Harvard Ukrainian Studies
, 2 (1978), 271; also in Pritsak,
Studies in Mediaeval Eurasian History
(London, 1981).
2
. Arthur Koestler,
The Thirteenth Tribe: The Khazar Empire and Its Heritage
(London, 1976).

KONARMYA 1
. I. Babel’,
Konarmiya
(Moscow, 1928), 5. a. N. Davies, ‘Izaak Babel”s “Konarmiya” Stories, and the Polish-Soviet War’,
Modern Language Review
, 67 (1972), 845–57.
3
. K. M. Murray,
Wings over Poland
(New York, 1932).

KONOPIŠTE 1
. Count Carlo Sforza, ‘The Man Who Might Have Saved Austria’, in
Makers of Modern Europe
(London, 1930), 32–43.
2
. Ibid. 27.
3
. Ibid. 20.

KRAL 1
. See H. Spanke,
Deutsche und französische Dichtung des Mittelalters
(Stuttgart, 1943).
2
. W. Kootz,
Frankfurt: City Guide
(Frankfurt, n.d.), 9–12.

LANGEMARCK 1
. John Keegan, ‘When the guns fell silent: the Belgian battlefield where the seeds of German revenge were sown’,
Daily Telegraph
, 11 Nov. 1988. That one grave site contains a similar number of men to that of all US military deaths during the Vietnam war. (See Appendix III, p. 1326.)

LAUSSEL 1
. Monica Sjoo and Barbara Mor,
The Great Cosmic Mother: Rediscovering the Religion of the Earth
(San Francisco, 1987), 84. On Stone Age religion, see G. Rachel Levy,
The Gate of Horn
(London, 1948).
2
. R. Graves,
White Goddess: a Historical Grammar of Poetic Myth
(London, 1966); also
The Greek Myths
(London, 1955), 2 vols.
3
. Neal Ascherson,
Black Sea
(1995), 111–17.
4
. W. I. Thompson,
The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light Mythologies, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture
(New York, 1981), 102; quoted by Sjoo and Mor, op. cit. 79.
5
. See Riane Eisler,
The Chalice and the Blade: Our History, Our Future
(Centre for Partnership Studies, Pacific Grove, Ca.) (New York, 1988).

LEONARDO 1
. Jean Mathé,
Leonardo’s Inventions
(Geneva, 1980).
2
. After D. Wallechinsky
et aL, The Book of Lists
(New York, 1977), and C. M. Cox,
Genetic Studies of Geniuses
(Stanford, Calif., 1926).

LEPER 1
. Quoted by S. N. Brody,
The Disease of the Soul: Leprosy in Mediaeval Literature
(Ithaca, NY, 1974), 80–1.
2
. Ibid. 66–7.
3
.
Chronicle ofLanercost
, quoted by R. M. Clay,
Mediaeval Hospitab of England
(London, 1909), 56.
4
. Eilhart, L 4276–9, quoted by Brody, 180.
5
. James A. Michener,
Hawaii
(New York, 1959).

LESBIA 1
. Judith C. Brown,
Immodest Acts: The Life of a Lesbian Nun in Renaissance Italy
(New York, 1985).
2
. Lillian Faderman, in Signs:
A Journal of Women in Culture and Society
, 12(3) (Spring 1987), 576.

LETTLAND 1
. A. Silgailis,
Latvian Legion
(San José, Calif., 1986).
2
. After ibid. 245–50.

LEX 1
. H. F. Jolowicz,
The Roman Foundations of Modern Law
(Oxford, 1957); A. D. E. Lewis (ed.),
The Roman Law Tradition
(Cambridge, 1994).

LIETUVA 1
. H. H. Bender,
A Lithuanian Etymological Index
(Princeton, NJ, 1921), 5.
2
. V. Ambrazas
et aL, Grammatyka litovskogo yazika
(Vilnius, 1985), 5.
3
. See J. Biddulph,
Lithuanian: A Beginning
(Pontypridd, 1991).

LILI 1
. R. Lax and F. Smith,
Great Song Thesaurus
, 2nd edn. (Oxford, 1985).
2
. Hans Leip, ‘Lili Marleen’, in
Der ewige Brunnen: ein Hausbuch deutscher Dichtung
ed. L. Reiners (Munich, 1979), 502. The original English title was
‘My Lili of the Lamp-light
. See ‘The Saga of Lilli Marlene’.
3
.
Les Feuilles Mortes
(Autumn Leaves); words by J. Prévert, music by J. Kosma, English lyrics by Johnny Mercer.
4
.
Podmoskovnye Vechera
(Moscow Nights), C.1958; words by M. Matusovsky, music by V. Solovyov-Sedi; C. V. James (ed.),
Russian Song-Book
(Oxford, 1962), i. 31.

LLANFAIR 1
. Melville Richards, ‘Ecclesiastical and Secular in Mediaeval Welsh Settlement’,
Studia Céltica
, 3 (1968), 9–19. On Welsh History see John Davies,
Hones Cymru
(1990). trans, as
A History of Wales
(London, 1993).
2
. Ward Lock’s
North Wales
(Northern Section), 14th edn. (London, n.d. c.1948), 193. The name combines and improves on three genuine Welsh village names: LLANFAIR PWLLGWYNGYLL and LLANDYSILIO (Anglesey) and LLANDYSILIOGOGO (Cardiganshire). Letter from Professor Rees Davies of Aberystwyth, 16 May 1994.

LLOYD’S 1
. A. Brown,
Hazard Unlimited: From Ships to Satellites: 300 years of Lloyd’s of London
(Colchester, 1987).
2
. Edmund Halley, in
Mortality in Pre-industrial Times: The Contemporary Verdict: Edmund Halley et al., j
H. Cassedy, ed. (Farnborough, 1973); also R. Schofield
et al
, eds.,
The Decline of Mortality in Europe
(Oxford, 1991).

LOOT 1
. ‘I once had two wonderful statues, a woman and a young man, both so perfect that one could see their veins. They were taken when Poros was destroyed, and some soldiers were going to sell them to the Europeans in Argos…. But I took the soldiers aside and talked to them. “Even if they give you ten thousand thalers, you should not let them be taken out of our homeland. That is what we fought for.”’ After H. A. Lidderdale, ed.,
The Memoirs of General Makriyannis
(Oxford, 1966).
2
. W. St. Clair,
Lord Elgin and the Marbles
(Oxford, 1967); C. Hitchens
et al, The Elgin Marbles: should they be returned to Greece?
(London, 1987).
3
. Charles de Jaeger,
The Linz File: Hitler’s Plunder of Europe’s Art
(Toronto, 1981); Lynn Nicholas,
The Rape of Europe
(London, 1994).
4
. M. Bailey, ‘Nazi Art Loot Discovered in Russia’,
Observer
, 24 March 1991.
5
. Wm. H. Honan, ‘New Facts and Lawsuits in the tale of art thefts from German Church’, ‘Stolen Treasure’ and ‘Inventory in Texas Case Turns up New Works’,
New York Times
, 25 June, 30 June, 10 September 1990.
6
. E. Aleksandrov, Z. Stankov,
The international legal protection of cultural property
(Sofia, 1979); Australian Association of Humanities,
Who Owns the Past? a Symposium
(Melbourne, 1985); B. Walter,
Rueckfuehrung von Kulturgut in internationalen Recht
(Bremen, 1988); J. Greenfield,
The Return of Cultural Treasures
(Cambridge, 1989).