Europe: A History (249 page)

LUDI 1
. See D. P. Mannix,
Those About to Die
(London, 1960).
2
. Ibid. 29.
3
. From the
English Prayer Book
(1662).

LUGDUNUM 1
. A. Pelletier,
Histoire de Lyon: Des origines à nos jours
(Roanne, 1990).
2
. F. Braudel,
The Identity of France
, i,
History and Environment
(New York, 1988), 288–91.
3
. Paul Vidal de la Blache,
Tableau de la géographie de la France
, pt. 1 of E. Lavisse,
Histoire de la France
(Paris, 1911), i. 8.

ŁYCZAKOW 1
. See S. S. Nicieja,
Cmentarz Obroriców Lwowa
(Wroclaw, 1990).

MADONNA 1
. José Maria de Sagarra,
The Monserrat
(Barcelona, 1959).
2
. S. Z. Jabloñski,
Jasna Góra: oérodek kultu maryjnego
(Lubin, 1984); Z. Rózanów
et al, The Cultural Heritage of Jasna Gora
(Warsaw, 1974).
3
. J. Brun,
Rocamadour: historique, description, excursions
(Saint-Cere, Lot, 1927).
4
. Guide Michelin,
Auvergne
(Clermont, 1980), 87.
5
. With due acknowledgement to Alex Boyd.
6
. Marina Warner,
Alone of All Her Sex: The Myth and the Cult of the Virgin Mary
(London, 1976).

MAGIC 1
. H. S. Cronin, ‘The Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards’,
English Historical Review
, 22 (1907), 298, quoted by Keith Thomas,
Religion and the Decline of Magic
(London, 1971), 58.
2
. Ibid. 485–90.
3
. See David Cannadine,
Rituals of Royalty: Power and Ceremonial in Traditional Societies
(Cambridge, 1987).

MAKEDON 1
. M. Andronikos,
Verginia: The Royal Tombs
(Athens, 1984).
2
. E. Kofos, ‘National Heritage and National Identity in 19th and 20th Century Macedonia’,
European History Quarterly
, 19 (2) (1989), 229–68.
3
. ‘Writers Campaign for Greek Scholar’, the
Independent
, 13 May 1994.

MALET 1
. Godfrey LeMay, ‘The Conspiracy of General Malet’, in P. Quennell (ed.),
Diversions of History
(London, 1954), 52–68.

MARKET 1
. See R. J. Heilbroner, ‘The Wonderful World of Adam Smith’, in
The Worldly Philosophers: The Lives, Times, and Ideas of the Great Economic Thinkers
, 6th edn. (London, 1991), 42–74.
2
. Adam Smith,
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
(1776).

MARSTON 1
. Sir G. N. Clark, ‘Marston’, in
The Victoria History of the County of Oxford
, v, ed. Mary D. Lobel (Oxford, 1957), 214–21.
2
. Jennifer Sherwood and Nikolaus Pevsner,
The Buildings of England: Oxfordshire
(London, 1974), 699–700. See also J. Sherwood and J. Piper,
A Guide to the Churches of Oxfordshire
(Oxford, 1989).
3
. W. E. Tate,
The Parish Chest: A Study of the Records of Parochial Administration in England
(Chichester, 1983).
4
. From ‘Elegy in a Country Churchyard’ (1750), by Thomas Gray, written at Stoke Poges, Buckinghamshire.

MASON 1
. See F. L. Pick and C. N. Knight,
A Pocket History of Freemasonry
, rev. edn. (London, 1992); also Stephen Knight,
The Brotherhood: The Secret World of the Freemasons
(London, 1984); J. J. Robinson,
Bom in Blood: The Lost Secrets of Freemasonry
(London, 1990).
2
. Ibid. 45.
3
. Knight, chapters 1 and 2, ‘Origins’ and ‘Metamorphosis’, 15–24.
4
. See Margaret Jacob,
The Radical Enlightenment
(London, 1981).

MASSILIA 1
. Marcel Pagnol,
Marius
(Paris, 1946), 11. vi.
2
. J.-L. Bonillo,
Marseille: ville et port
(Marseille, 1992).

MATRIMONIO 1
. D. B. Rheubottom,’ “Sisters First”: Betrothal Order and Age at Marriage in Mediaeval Ragusa’,
Journal of Family History
, 13 (1988), 359 ff.
2
. F. W. Carter,
Dubrovnik (Ragusa): A Classic City-State
(London, 1972); Z. Zlatar,
Between the Double Eagle and the. Crescent: The Republic of Ragusa and the Origins of the Eastern Question
(Boulder, Colo., 1992).
3
. J. Haynal (1965); discussed by P. Laslett, ‘Family and Household as Work Group and Kin Group’, in P. Wall
et al
. (eds.),
Family Forms in Historic Europe
(Cambridge, 1983), 513–63.
4
. See D. Herlihy,
Mediaeval Households
(Cambridge, Mass., 1985).
5
. ‘When Beauty Is Destroyed, God suffers’,
Financial Times
, 10 Feb. 1992.

MAUVE 1
.
An Outline of the Chemistry and Technology of the Dyestuffs Industry
(ICI Dyestuffs Division) (London, 1968), 10.
2
. Ibid. p. 7.
3
. ‘The Amazing Chemistry of Colour’,
Crosslink
(Newbury), vol. 2, no. 1 (1990), 4–6.
4
.
The Bayer Tapestry: An Unfolding History from 1863
(Newbury, n.d.);
100 Years Research and Progress: Bayer Pharma 1988
(Bayer AG) (Leverkusen, 1988), p. 4.
5
. D. W. F. Hardie and J. D. Pratt,
A History of the Modern British Chemical Industry
(Pergamon, Oxford, 1966), pp. 68–70.

MENOCCHI 1
. Rounding the Cornice of Pride in Purgatory, Virgil turns to Dante:
O superbi cristiani!
… (Oh proud Christians!… do you not see that we are worms, whose insignificance lives but to form the angelic butterfly, that flits to judgement naked of defence?);
Purgatorio
, x. 121–6.
2
. Carlo Ginzburg,
The Cheese and the Worms: The Cosmos of a Sixteenth-Century Miller
(London, 1982), 57.

MERCANTE 1
. Iris Margaret Origo,
The Merchant ofPrato: Francesco di Marco Datini
(London, 1957), 336–8.
2
. See F. Bensa,
Francesco di Marco da Prato
(Milan, 1928).
3
. Usance meant the customary interval between delivery and payment. Between Florence and Barcelona it was 20 days.
4
. File 1145; Origo,
The Merchant of Prato
, 146–7.
5
.
Francesco to Margherita, 5 Apr. 1395; File 1089; Origo,
The Merchant of Prato
, 136.
6
. Fernand Braudel,
Afterthoughts on Material Civilisation and Capitalism
(Baltimore, 1979)1 57.
7
. Ibid. ch. 2, ‘The Market Economy and Capitalism’.

METRYKA 1
. See A. Tomczak,
Zarys dziejów archiwów polskich
(Toruruń, 1982); R. C. Lewandowski,
Guide to the Polish Libraries and Archives
(Boulder, Colo., 1974)
2
. Patricia Grimsted,
The Lithuanian Metrica in Moscow and Warsaw: Reconstructing the Archives of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
(Cambridge, Mass., 1986); also her
Handbook for Archival Research in the USSR
(Washington, DC, 1989).
3
. A. E. P. Zaleski, ‘Some New Archival Sources for the Study of Recent Polish History’, MA thesis (SSEES, University of London, 1994), 5–6.

MEZQUITA 1
. Rafael Castejón,
La Mezquita Aljama de Cordoba
(Madrid, n.d.).
2
. Adam Hopkins, ‘Of Castles and Castanets’,
The independent on Sunday
, 16 May 1993.

MICROBE 1
. Z. Swięch,
Klątwy, Microby i Uczeni
(Warsaw, 1989).

MIR 1
. F. Sulimirski
et al, Stownik Geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego
(Warsaw, 1885), 485–8.
2
. See also ‘Mir’ in Roman Aftanazy,
Dzieje rezydencji na dawnych kresach Rzeczypospolity
(Warsaw, 1991).
3
. A. Mickiewicz,
Pan Tadeusz
, xii.

MISSA 1
. Thrasybulos Georgiades,
Musik und Sprache
(1974), trans, as
Music and Language: The Rise of Western Music as Exemplified in Settings of the Mass
(Cambridge, 1982), 7. See also J. Harper,
The Forms and Orders of the Western Liturgy from the Tenth to the Eighteenth Century
(Oxford, 1991).
2
. W. Mellers,
Romanticism and the Twentieth Century {Man and His Music, pt
. iv), rev. edn. (London, 1988), 1011.

MOARTE 1
. See M. V. Riccardo,
Vampires Unearthed: The Vampire and Dracula Bibliography…
(New York, 1983).
2
. With acknowledgement to Rebecca Haynes, ‘Vampirism, the Cult of Death and the Romanian Legionary Movement’, seminar paper presented at SSEES, University of London, 10 June 1993. See Z. Barbu, ‘Rumania’, in S. J. Woolf (ed.),
European Fascism
(London, 1968), 146–66; also C. Z. Codreanu,
For My Legionaries
(Madrid, 1977).

MOLDOVA 1
. Aleksei Vasilev,
They are talking about us in Pravda
(1951), oil on canvas 99 x 156 cm, in M. C. Down
et al, Soviet Socialist Realist Painting 1930S-1960S
, pl. 28 (catalogue of the exhibition ‘Engineers of Human Souls’, Oxford Museum of Modern Art, Jan .–Mar. 1992).

MONKEY 1
. William Irvine,
Apes, Angels and Victorians: The Story of Darwin, Huxley and Evolution
(New York, 1955), chapter i. 2. F. Galton,
Hereditary Genius: an Inquiry into its laws and consequences
, 2nd edn. (London, 1892; repr. 1950), pp. 325 ff.
3
. Irvine, p. 280.
4
. D. W. Forrest,
Francis Galton: the Life and Work of a Victorian Genius
(London, 1974).

MONTAILLOU 1
. E. Le Roy Ladurie,
Montaillou: Cathars and Catholics in a French Village, 1294–1324
, trans. B. Bray (London, 1980), 276.
2
. Ibid. 212.

MORES 1
. Norbert Elias,
über den Prozess der Zivilisation: soziogenetische und psy-chogenetische Untersuchungen
(Basle, 1939), i; trans, as
The History of Manners
(Oxford, 1978), 68 if.
2
. Ibid. ch. 2, vii, ‘On Spitting’.
3
. Ibid. 129.
4
. Ibid. 85–162.
5
. Ibid.

MOUSIKE 1
. After A. Isacs and E. Martin (eds.),
Dictionary of Music
(London, 1982), 247–8 (mode), 337–8 (scale).

MURANO 1
. L. Zechin,
Vetro e vetrai di Murano: studi sulla storia del vetro
(Venice, 1987); also M. Dekówna,
Szkło w Europie wczeŚnoŚredniowiecznej
(Wroclaw, 1980).

NEZ 1
. Desmond Morris
et al, Gestures: Their Origins and Distribution
, ‘The Nose Thumb’ (London, 1979), a survey confined to Western Europe, 25–42.
2
. See J. Bremmer and H. Roodenburg (eds.),
A Cultural History of Gesture
(Oxford, 1993).

NIBELUNG 1
. W. Huber,
Aufder Suche nach den Nibelungen
(Gütersloh, 1981), 20.
2
. H. and M. Garland,
The Oxford Companion to German Literature
, 2nd edn. (Oxford, 1986), 664–7.

NIKOPOLIS 1
. See Barbara Tuchman,
A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous Fourteenth Century
(London, 1978).

NOBEL 1
. E. Bergengen,
Alfred Nobel: the Man and his Work
(London, 1962); N. K. Stahle,
Alfred Nobel and the Nobel Prizes
(Stockholm, 1986).

NOMEN 1
. James Gow,
A Companion to School Classics
(London, 1888), 166 ff.
2
. Neal Ascherson, ‘Do me a favour, forget my name …’, the
Independent on Sunday
, 4 Sept. 1994.
3
. See
Pamiętniki Filipka
, ed. W. Zambrzycki (Warsaw, 1957), 115 ff.; quoted by Norman Davies,
Heart of Europe
, 245–7.

NOMISMA 1
. E. Junge, World
Coin Encyclopaedia
(London, 1984), 15.
2
. See Jean Babelon,
La Numismatique antique
(Paris, 1949).

NORG
E
1
. See G. Opstad
et al, Norway
(London, 1991).

NOSTRADAMUS 1
. Nostradamus, Prophecies i. 35. See E. Cheetham,
The Prophecies of Nostradamus
(London, 1973).
2
. Prophecies x. 39.
3
. Ibid. i. 3.
4
. Ibid. i. 63.

NOVGOROD 1
. F. M. Thompson,
Novgorod the Great: Excavations at the Mediaeval City
(London, 1967), 58. See also M. Brisbane (ed.),
The Archaeology of Novgorod, Russia: Recent Results from the Town and Its Hinterland
(Lincoln, 1992).
2
. Ibid. 63.
3
. On the destruction of Novgorod and the slaughter of 60,000 citizens see I. Grey,
Ivan the Terrible
(London, 1964), 178–82.

NOYADES 1
. See J. Brooman,
The Reign of Terror in France: Jean-Baptiste Carrier and the Drownings at Nantes
(York, 1986).
2
. See Jan Karski,
The Secret State
(London, 1944).
3
. R’ Hilberg, ‘Origins of the Killing Centers’,
The Destruction of the European Jews
(New York, 1985), 221–38.
4
. J. C. Pressac,
Auschwitz: Technique and Operation of the Gas Chambers
(New York, 1989).
5
. Paraphrased from
International Military Tribunal
(Nuremberg, 1946), viii. 324–9.
6
. Lyubo Boban, ‘Jasenovac and the Manipulation of History’,
East European Politics and Societies
, 4 (1990), 580–93.

OEDIPUS 1
. Betty Radice,
Who’s who in the Ancient World: a Handbook to the Survivors of the Greek and Roman Classics
(London, 1973), ‘Oedipus’, pp. 177–8.

OMPHALOS 1
. F. Poulsen,
Delphi
(London, 1920), 29.
2
. See H. W. Parke,
The Greek Oracles
(London, 1967), ‘Delphic Procedure’, 72–81.
3
. H. W. Parke and D. E. W. Wormell,
The Delphic Oracle
(Oxford, 1956). Vol. ii,
The Oracular Responses
, contains an exhaustive and critical study of all the oracle’s known utterances, which, however, are not translated from the Greek.
4
. Parke,
The Greek Oracles
, 34.

OPERA 1
.
New Grove’s Dictionary of Music and Musicians
, ed. Stanley Sadie (London, 1992),
xii.
514–34. See also R. Parker (ed.),
The Oxford Illustrated History of Opera
(Oxford, 1994).