Europe: A History (250 page)

ORANGE 1
. Françoise Gasparri,
La Principauté d’Orange au Moyen Age
(Paris, 1985).
2
. See C. V. Wedgewood,
William the Silent
(London, 1944); Marion Grew,
The House of Orange
(London, 1947); H. H. Rowen,
The Princes of Orange: Stadholders in the Dutch Republic
(Cambridge, 1988).
3
. See C. Fitzgibbon,
Red Hand: The Ulster Colony
(London, 1971); Tony Gray,
The Orange Order
(London, 1972).

OXFAM 1
. M. Black,
Oxfam: the first 50 years
(Oxford, 1992); F. Jean,
Life, Death, and Aid: theMédecin sans Frontières Report…
(London, 1993).

PALAEO 1
. D. C. Greetham,
Textual Scholarship: An Introduction
(London, 1992); B. Bischoff,
Latin Palaeography: Antiquity to the Middle Ages
(Cambridge, 1990); T..J. Brown,
A Palaeographer’s View: Selected Writings
(London, 1993).
2
. C. Hamilton,
The Hitler Diaries: Fakes That Fooled the World
(Lexington, Ky., 1991).

PANTA 1
. See Michele d’Avino,
Pompeii prohibited
(Edizioni Procaccini, Naples, n.d.); M. Grant
et al., Erotic Art in Pompeii: the secret collections of the National Museum of Naples
(London, 1975).
2
. ‘Oh, [my] rampant son, how many women have you fucked?’
Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL)
vol. iv, no. 5213.
3
. ‘[In case you hadn’t noticed], Ampliatus, Icarus is buggering you.’ ibid. no. 2375.
4
. ‘Restituta, drop your tunic, I beg you, [and] show [your] hairy pud’, ibid. no. 3951.
5
. ‘Weep girls, sod [—]… superb cunt, farewell… Ampliatus… so many times… This also I fookie fookie…’, ibid. no. 3932.
6
. ‘Thrust slowly’(with illustration), ibid. no. 794.
7
. ‘Here Messius fucked nothing.’ ibid, (from the House of Amando).

PAPESSA 1
. J. N. D. Kelly,
The Oxford Dictionary of Popes
(Oxford, 1988), appendix, 329–30; also J. Morris,
Pope John VIII—An English Woman: Alias Pope Joan
(London, 1985).

PAPYRUS 1
. On Derveni, see S. G. Kapsomenon,
Gnomon
, 35 (1963), 222–3;
Archaeoll. Deltion
, 14 (1964), 17–25; also Eric Turner,
Greek Papyri: An Introduction
(Oxford, 1980).
2
. E. G. Turner,
Greek Papyri, an introduction
(Oxford, 1968; repr. 1980);
Greek Manuscripts of the Ancient World
(Oxford, 2nd edn. 1987).

PARNASSE 1
. After Ronald Taylor,
Franz Liszt: Man and Musician
(London, 1986), 46.

PASCHA 1
. E. A. M. Fry,
Almanacks for Students of English History: being a series of 35 almanacks arranged for every day upon which Easter can fall
…
500–1751
AD (OS),
1751–2000
AD (NS)
(London, 1915).
2
. C. Wesley, ‘Christ the Lord is Risen Today,
Hymns Ancient and Modern
, rev. edn. (London, 1950), no. 141.

PETROGRAD 1
. R. J. Service,
Lenin: a political life
(London, 2nd edn. 1991).
2
. See Harrison Salisbury,
The 900 Days’ Siege of Leningrad
(New York, 1969).
3
. Ruth T. Kamińska,
Mink Coats and Barbed Wire
(London, 1979).

PFALZ 1
. See Leo Hugot,
Aachen Cathedral: A Guide
(Aachen, 1988); Erich Stepheny,
Aachen Cathedral
(Aachen, 1989).

PHILIBEG 1
. Hugh Trevor-Roper, ‘The Highland Tradition of Scotland’, in T. Ranger and E. Hobsbawm (eds.),
The Invention of Tradition
(Cambridge, 1983), 15–42.
2
. See Robert Bain,
The Clans and Tartans of Scotland
, 5th edn. (Glasgow, 1976), 164–5.
3
. Ranger and Hobsbawm,
The Invention of Tradition
, 263–307.

PHOTO 1
. Brian Coe,
The Birth of Photography: The Story of the Formative Years, 1800–1900
(London, 1976).

PICARO 1
. Bronislaw Geremek,
Swiat Opery Żebraczej: obraz wtóczęgów i nędzarzy w literaturach XV-XVII wieku
(The World of the Beggar’s Opera: Tramps and Beggars in the literature of the 15th-17th Centuries) (Warsaw, 1989);
Poverty: A History
(Oxford, 1994).
2
. Ewa M. Thomson,
Understanding Russia: The Holy Fool in Russian Literature
(London, 1987).

PLOVUM 1
. Lynn White Jr., ‘The Agricultural Revolution in the Early Middle Ages’, in
Mediaeval Technology and Social Change
(Oxford, 1962), 39–78, with superlative footnotes.

POGROM 1
. ‘Pogrom’, in
Encyclopaedia Judaica
(Jerusalem, 1971), xiii. 694–702.
2
. See J. D. Clier,
Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History
(Cambridge, 1991); I. M. Aronson,
Troubled Waters: The Origins of the 1881 Anti-Jewish Pogroms in Russia
(Pittsburgh, 1990).
3
. Norman Davies, ‘Great Britain and the Polish Jews, 1918–20’,
Journal of Contemporary History
, vol. viii/2,1973,119–42.

POTEMKIN 1
. J. Dreifuss,
The Romance of Catherine and Potemkin
(London, 1938).
2
. Anatoliy Golitsyn,
New Lies for Old: The Communist Strategy of Deception and Disinformation
(London, 1984), 412.
3
. H. Marshall,
Sergei Eisenstein’s ‘Battleship Potemkin’
(New York, 1978).

PRADO 1
. F. J. Sanchez Canton,
The Prado
(London, 1959), 7.
2
. See
Treasures of a Polish King: Stanislaus August as Patron and Collector
(Catalogue to the Exhibition, Dulwich Picture Gallery, London, 1992).

PRESS 1
. S. H. Steinberg,
Five Hundred Years of Printing
(London, 1955), 23.
2
. Ibid. 177–8.
3
. See Francis Robinson,
Technology and Religious Change: Islam and the Impact of Print
, inaugural lecture at Royal Holloway and Bedford New College, University of London, 4 Mar. 1992.

PROPAGANDA 1
. J.-M. Domenach,
La Propagande Politique
(Paris, 1955), 55. See also Z. Zeman,
Nazi Propaganda
(Oxford, 1973); F. C. Barghoorn,
Soviet Foreign Propaganda
(Princeton, 1964).
2
. Stephen Koch,
Double Lives: Stalin, Willi Munzenberg and the Seduction of the Intellectuals
(New York, 1994), 12.
3
. Sidney Hook,
Out of Step
(New York, 1987), 491–6, quoted by Koch, 77.

PROSTIBULA 1
. J. Rossiaud,
La Prostitution Médiévale
, trans, as
Medieval Prostitution
(Oxford, 1988); L. L. Otis,
Prostitution in Mediaeval Society: The History of an Urban Institution in Languedoc
(Chicago, 1989).
2
. L. Roper,
The Holy Household: Women and Morals in Reformation Augsburg
(Oxford, 1989).

PUGACHEV 1
. See Orlando Figes,
Peasant Russia, Civil War: the Volga Countryside in Revolution, 1917–21
(Oxford, 1989).
2
. See Paul Avrich,
Russian Rebels, 1600–1800
(New York, 1972); also J. Y. Alexander,
Autocratic Government in a national crisis: the imperial Russian government and Pugachev’s Revolt, 1773–75
(Bloomington, Ind., 1961); A. Bodger,
The Kazakhs and the Pugachev Uprising in Russia, 1773–4
(Bloomington, 1988).
3
. E. Hobsbawm,
Primitive Rebels: studies in archaic forms of social movement
(Manchester, 1971); also R. H. Hilton,
Bondmen made free: mediaeval peasant movements and the English rising of 1381
(London, 1973); D. Mitrany,
Marx against the Peasant
(Chapel Hill, 1951).
4
. Theodore Shanin,
Peasants and peasant societies: selected readings
(Oxford, 2nd edn., 1987);
Defining peasants: essays concerning rural societies
(Oxford, 1990).
5
.
Journal of Peasant Studies, 1
, no. 1 (1973–4), 1–3.
6
. E. Le Roy Ladurie (1969), trans, as
The French Peasantry, 1450–1660
(Aldershot, 1987).
7
. Y. M. Berce,
Croquants et nu-pieds: les
soulèvements paysans en France du XVIème au XlXème siècle
(Paris, 1974).
8
. R. Mousnier,
Peasant Uprisings in Seventeenth Century France, Russia and China
(London, 1971).
9
. R. Pillorget,
Les mouvements Insurrectionnaires de Provence entre 1396 et 1795
(Paris, 1975).
10
. L. Sciascia,
La Corda Pazza
(Turin, 1970), 390.

QUAKE 1
. T. D. Kendrick,
The Lisbon Earthquake
(London, 1956); J. Noses,
O ter-ramote de 1755: British Accounts
(Lisbon, 1990).

RELAXATIO 1
. Edward Whymper,
The Ascent of the Matterhorn
(1880) (reprinted London, 1987);
Saambling Amongst the Alps
, 5th edn. 1890 (reprinted Exeter, 1986); see also P. Bernard,
The rush to the Alps: the Evolution of Vacationing in Switzerland
(Boulder, Colo., 1978).
2
. J. Walvin,
The People’s Game: a social history of British football
(London, 1975); B. Butler,
The Football League, 1888–1988
(London, 1987).
3
. J. Mercier,
Le Football
(Paris, 1971); P. Soar, M. Tyler,
The Story of Football
(Twickenham, 1986).

RENTES 1
. E. Le Roy Ladurie, P. Couperie,
Annales
, July 1970, translated as ‘Changes in Parisian Rents’, in
The Territory of the Historian
(Chicago, 1979), 61–78.

RESPONSA 1
. Rabbi Ephraim Oshry,
Mi-Maamakkim
, in. i. 11; in Rabbi Dr H. J. Zimmels,
The Echo of the Nazi Holocaust in Rabbinic Literature
(London, 1975), pt. 3, ‘An Anthology of Responsa’, pp. 253–353, s. 24, ‘Adoption’.
2
. These paraphrased examples are taken either from Zimmels,
The Echo of the Nazi Holocaust
, or from ‘Religious Leadership during the Holocaust’, a seminar paper read by Rabbi Hugo Gryn at SSEES, Univ. of London, 30 Apr. 1992.
3
.
Oshry, Mi-Maamakkim
, 1. i.
4
.
The Holocaust: The Victims Accuse. Documents and Testimony on Jewish War Criminals
(Brooklyn, NY, 1977). ‘If there is such a thing as spiritual pornography, this would fit it’ (Hugo Gryn).
5
. See Pesach Schindler,.
Hassidic Responses to the Holocaust in the Light of Hassidic Thought
(Hoboken, NJ, 1990).
6
. Dr Milejkowski
et al, Recherches cliniques sur la famine exécutées dans le ghetto de Varsovie
(Warsaw, 1946).
7
. Letter of 9 Dec. 1993 from Rabbi Hugo Gryn.

REVERENTIA 1
. See Peter Brown,
Relics and Social Status in the Age of Gregory of Tours
, Stenton Lecture 1976 (Reading, 1977).
2
. Patricia Morison, ‘An Exquisite Gothic Treasure Trove’,
Financial Times
, 3 Sept. 1991.

ROMANY 1
. Jules Bloch,
Les Tsiganes
(Paris, 1969), 7–16. A Franciscan pilgrim reported seeing a community of cave-dwellers, probably gypsies, near Candia in Crete in 1322; ibid. 16.
2
. See Angus Fraser,
The Gypsies
(Oxford, 1992); also G. Puxon,
Roma: Europe’s Gypsies
(London, 1987).
3
. Matthew Arnold, from ‘The Scholar-Gipsy’,
Oxford Book of English Verse, 1250–1918
, no. 760, p. 914.

ROUGE 1
. E. J. Haeberle, ‘Swastika, Pink Triangle and Yellow Star: The Destruction of Sexology and the Persecution of Homosexuals in Nazi Germany’, in M. Duberman
et al
. (eds.),
Hidden from History
(London, 1991), 365–79.

RUFINUS 1
. Nicholas Barker,
The Oxford University Press and the Spread of Learning: An Illustrated History, 1478–1978
(Oxford, 1978), 2–4.
2
.
Why We Are at War: Great Britain’s Case, with an appendix of original documents
, by Members of the Oxford Faculty of Modern History (E. Barker, H. W. C. Davis, C. R. L. Fletcher, Arthur Hassall, L. G. Wickham Legg, F. Morgan) (Oxford, 1914); as recorded in the OUP archives, and with acknowledgement to Dr H. Pogge von Strandmann.

RUS’ 1
. N. Freret,
Mémòire sur les origines des francs
(Paris, 1714).
2
. Omeljan Pritsak,
The Origins of Rus’
i (Cambridge, Mass., 1981), ch. 1.
3
. Norman Golb and Omeljan Pritsak (eds.),
(Chazarían Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century
(Ithaca, NY, 1982), ch. 1, ‘T-S (Glass) 12.122—the Kievan Letter’.

SAMOS 1
. Guy de la Bédoyère,
Samian Ware
(Princes Risborough, 1988).
2
. J. Dechelette,
Les Vases céramiques ornées de la Gaule romaine
(Paris, 1904); H. B. Walters,
Catalogue of Roman Pottery
… in
the British Museum
(London, 1905); M. Durand-Lefebvre,
Marques de potiers gallo-romans trouvées à Paris
(Paris, 1963); J. A. Stansfield and Grace Simpson,
Central Gaulish Potters
(Oxford, 1958); A. C. Brown,
Catalogue of Italian Terra Sigillata in the Ashmolean Museum
(Oxford, 1968); P. Petru,
Rimska keramika
v
Slovenji
(Ljubljana, 1973).
3
. Stansfield and Simpson,
Central Gaulish Potters
, chronological table, 170.

SAMPHIRE 1
. Jane Renfrew,
Food and Cooking in Prehistoric Britain: History and Recipes
(London, 1985), 35, after R. Philips,
Wild Food
(London, 1983).
2
. Ibid. 36, after Mrs Beeton.
3
. Ibid. 38, after M. B. Stout,
The Shetland Cookery Book
(Lerwick, 1968).

SANITAS 1
. Dhiman Barua and Wm. Greenough III (eds.),
Cholera
(New York, 1992), ch. 1, ‘The History of Cholera’.
2
. A. Nikiforuk, op. cit., 154. See also F. R. van Hartesfeld,
The Pandemic of Influenza, 1918–19
(Lampeter, 1992); R. Collier,
The Plague of the Spanish Lady
(New York, 1974).

SARAJEVO 1
. Adapted from ‘A Letter from 1920’ (
Pismo iz 1920g)
by Ivo Andrič, trans. Lenore Grenoble, in
The Damned Yard and Other Stories
, ed. Celia Hawkesworth (London, 1992), 107–19.
2
. Ibid. 7.
3
. Francesca Wilson,
Aftermath
(London, 1947), ‘Sarajevo’.