Europe: A History (243 page)

110.
Paul Findley (ed.),
They Dare to Speak Out: People and Institutions Confront Israel’s Lobby
(Westport, Conn., 1985).

111.
C. Lanzmann,
Shoah: An Oral History of the Holocaust (The Complete Text of the Film)
(New York, 1985); numerous reviews included T. Garton Ash, ‘The Life of Death’,
New York Review of Books
, 19 Dec. 1985; J. Karski, ‘Shoah (Zaglada)’,
Kultura
(Nov. 1985), 121–4; J. Turowicz, ‘Shoah w polskich oczach’,
Tygodnik powszechny
(Cracow), 10 Nov. 1985; P. Coates, ‘A Ghetto in Babel’,
Encounter
, 49/1 (1987); and the collection
Polish Americans Reflect on Shoah
(Chicago, 1986).

112.
Rafeł Scharf, ‘In Anger and in Sorrow’,
Polin: A Journal of Polish–Jewish Studies
, 1 (1986), 270.

113.
Władysław Anders,
An Army in Exile: The story of the Polish Second Corps
(London, 1947; repr. Nashville, 1981).

114.
‘Declaration of Principles known as the Atlantic Charter, made public 14 August 1941’; J. A. S. Grenville,
The Major International Treaties, 1914–73: A History and Guide with Texts
(London, 1974), 198–9.

115.
18–21 June 1945.
Trial of the Organisers, Leaders, and Members of the Polish Diversionist Organisation, Moscow
(London, 1945). See Z. Stypułkowski,
Invitation to Moscow
(New York, 1962).

116.
Gilbert,
Churchill
, vii:
1941–5
(London, 1986), 991–3.

117.
A. Solzhenitsyn,
Prussian Nights: A Narrative Poem
, trans R. Conquest (London, 1977), esp. 41–3, 49–53-

118.
S. E. Ambrose,
Pegasus Bridge: 6 June 1944
(London, 1984). At midnight on 5/6 June, Pegasus Bridge was guarded by two Polish conscripts, one of whom, Pte. Vern Bonck, was reported leaving for the Benouville brothel. The ‘Ox and Bucks’ were relieved next day by Lord Lovat’s commandos headed by a bagpiper.

119.
Peter Hoffmann,
The History of German Resistance, 1933–45
(London, 1988); see also T. Prittie,
Germans Against Hitler
(London, 1964); F. R. Nicosia (ed.),
Germans against Nazism
(New York, 1990); D. C. Large,
Contending with Hitler: Varieties of German Resistance
(Cambridge, 1991).

120.
To Albert Speer, 19 Mar. 1945; Bullock,
Hitler
, 774.

121.
Ibid. 794–5.

122.
Wisława Szymborska, stanzas from ‘Koniec i początek’ (Beginning and End), to be published in English translation. Presented by Stanisław Baranczak, in ‘The Most Pressing Questions are Naïve Ones’, Conference on Contemporary Polish Literature, SSEES, University of London, 22–5 Mar. 1993.

Nuremberg, 19 October 1945

123.
An earlier Polish version of this section was published in
Gazeta Wyborcza
(Warsaw), 3–4 Apr. 1993, under the excellent title ‘Prawda ujawniona, i prawda ukryta’ (Truth Revealed and Truth Concealed).

124.
Airey Neave,
Nuremberg: A Personal Record
(London, 1978), 73–85. The author was killed in 1979 by a bomb placed by Irish terrorists in the House of Commons car park.

125.
Ibid. 26.

126.
International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg,
The Trial of German Major War Criminals: Documents and Proceedings, ed
. L. D. Egbert (Nuremberg, 1947–9), vols. i–xlii.

127.
International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg,
Speeches of the Chief Prosecutors
(London, 1946).

128.
Manchester Guardian
, 23 Mar. 1946,
The Times
, 8 May 1946; quoted by A. and J. Tusa,
The Nuremberg Trial
(London, 1983),
passim
.

129.
Quoted by Neave,
Nuremberg
, 331.

130.
M. Bloch,
Ribbentrop
(London, 1992), 454.

131.
Tusa and Tusa,
The Nuremberg Trial
, 472.

132.
See R. K. Woetzel,
The Nuremberg Trials in International Law
(New York, 1962).

133.
See R. A. Kirk,
The Political Principles of R. A. Taft
(New York, 1967).

134.
H. K. Thompson and H. Strutz (eds.),
Doenitz at Nuremberg: A Reappraisal
(Torrance, Calif., 1983).

135.
Neave,
Nuremberg
, 26.

136.
Lewis Namier,
Manchester Guardian
, 19 Oct. 1945; quoted by Tusa and Tusa,
The Nuremberg Trial, passim
.

137.
Ibid. According to the American interpreter, Vyshinsky’s exact words were: ‘I propose a toast to the defendants. May their paths lead straight from the courthouse to the grave’; Telford Taylor,
Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials: A Personal Memoir
(London, 1993), 211.

CHAPTER XII

1.
A favourite metaphor of John Paul II, e.g. in his Apostolic Letter
Euntes in mundum
(1988), on the millennium of Kievan Rus’.

2.
See Keith Sword
et al., The Formation of the Polish Community in Great Britain, 1939–50
(London, 1989).

3.
Nikolai Tolstoy,
Victims of Yalta
(London, 1977).

4.
James Bacque,
Other Losses: An Investigation into the Mass Deaths of German prisoners
… (New York, 1989), a thesis vehemently contested by G. Bischoff and S. Ambrose (eds.),
Eisenhower and the German POWs: Facts Against Falsehood
(Baton Rouge, La., 1993), reviewed in
History
, 79/255 (1994), 186.

5.
Krystyna Kersten, ‘The Transfer of the German Population from Poland, 1945–7’,
Acta
Poloniae Historica
, 10 (1964), 27–47; Alfred M. De Zayas,
Nemesis at Potsdam: The Anglo-Americans and the Expulsion of the Germans
, rev. edn. (London, 1979), and
The German Expellees: Victims in War and Peace
(London, 1993); John Sack,
An Eye for an Eye: The Untold Story of Jewish revenge on Germans, 1945
(New York, 1993).

6.
See Kazimierz Moczarski,
Rozmowy z katem
(1974), trans. as
Conversations with an Executioner
(London, 1978).

7.
Arthur Bliss Lane,
I Saw Poland Betrayed
(New York, 1947); Stanisław Mikołayczyk,
The Rape of Poland: The Pattern of Soviet Domination
(London, 1949); Jan Ciechanowski,
Defeat in Victory
(London, 1968). On the Kielce Pogrom, see T. Wiącek,
Kulisy i tajemnice pogromu kieleckiego 1946r
(Cracow, 1992).

8.
George Kennan,
Foreign Affairs
(July 1947), under the pseudonym ‘Mr X’.

9.
Gilbert,
Churchill
, viii. 200.

10.
Ibid.

11.
Times, 6
Mar. 1947.

12.
Gilbert,
Churchill
, viii. 265–7.

13.
Ibid. 267.

14.
Ibid. 355. For statements at the Hague Congress see Anthony Sampson,
The New
Europeans: A Guide to the Workings, Institutions, and Character of Contemporary
Western Europe
(London, 1968), 4–5.

15.
Neal Ascherson, ‘The Special Relationship that will Survive all Tiffs’,
Independent on Sunday
, 21 Feb. 1993.

16.
K. D. Bracher,
Die deutscher Diktatur
(1969), trans. as
The German Dictatorship
(Harmondsworth, 1970).

17.
Anthony Sampson,
The Essential Anatomy of Britain: Democracy in Crisis
(London, 1992).

18.
After Walter Laqueur,
Europe since Hitler
(London, 1967), 194.

19.
Dr Otto von Habsburg,
The Economist’s
Charles Stransky Memorial Lecture, London 20 Sept. 1993.

20.
‘The Last Testament’, in Strobe Talbot (ed.),
Krushchev Remembers
(Boston, 1974), 284.

21.
See Laqueur,
Europe since Hitler
, ‘The Soviet Economy’, 231 ff.

22.
Quoted by Geoffrey Hosking,
A History of the Soviet Union
(London, 1985), 405.

23.
Irina Ratushinskaya,
Grey Is the Colour of Hope
, trans. A. Kojevnikov (London, 1989), 229.

24.
Michael Bourdeaux,
The Role of Religion in the Fall of Soviet Communism
(London, 1992).

25.
Adam Ważyk, ‘Poemat dla dorosłych’ (A poem for adults),
Nowa Kultura
(Warsaw), 21 Aug. 1955; quoted by Davies,
God’s Playground
, ii. 582–3.

26.
On the Prague Spring, see H. Gordon Skilling,
Czechoslovakia’s Interrupted Revolution
, (Princeton, NJ, 1976).

27.
Col. Ryszard Kukliński: as reported in
Washington Post
, 27 Sept. 1992;
Gazeta Wyborcza
, 28 Sept. 1992.

28.
As reported by the Czech ex-Politburo member Karel Kaplan in
Panorama
(May 1977): see ‘Stalin’s Secret Council of War’,
The Times
, 6 May 1977; also ‘Secrets from the Prague Spring’,
Time
, 9 May 1977.

29.
George Ball, ‘JFK’s Big Moment’,
New York Review of Books
, 13 Feb. 1992.

30.
L. Kołakowski, ‘Tezy o nadzieji i o beznadziejności’,
Kultura
(Paris), June 1971, trans, as ‘Hope and Hopelessness’,
Survey
, 17/3(80) (Summer 1971), 37–52.

31.
Jacques Rupnik,
The Other Europe
(London, 1988), p. xv.

32.
The Treaty on European Union: including the protocols and final act with declarations
,
Maastricht 7 February 1992
(London, 1992); text published by
Sunday Times
, London, 11 Oct. 1992.

33.
Slavenka Drakulic,
How We Survived Communism and Almost Laughed
(London, 1992); Janine Wedel,
The Private Poland
(New York, 1986).

34.
Stanisław Lem, in Stanisław Barańczak (ed.),
Breathing Under Water and other East European essays
(Cambridge, Mass., 1992), 1–6.

35.
Timothy Garton Ash,
We the People: The Revolutions of ’89 witnessed in Warsaw
,
Budapest, Berlin and Prague
(Cambridge, 1990), 78. See also David Selbourne,
The
Death of the Dark Hero: Eastern Europe, 1987–90
(London, 1990).

36.
To the Governor of Steiermark; after von Habsburg, Charles Stransky Lecture,
passim
.

37.
Timothy Garton Ash,
In Europe’s Name: Germany and the Divided Continent
(London, 1993), 385.

38.
See E. and J. Winiecki,
The Structural Legacy of the Soviet-type Economies
(London, 1992).

39.
Arpad Goncz, quoted by Garton Ash, op. cit, 60.

40.
Conor Cruise O’Brien, ‘A Grave marked Maastricht’,
The Times
, 30 Apr. 1992.

41.
Gyorgi Konrad, in
Antipolitics
(London, 1982).

42.
Francis Fukuyama, ‘The End of History?’ in
The National Interest
(1989); also ‘The End of History Is Still Nigh’,
Independent
, 3 Mar. 1992.

43.
Zbigniew Brzeziński, speaking at Bologna, Feb. 1992; see J. Moskwa, ‘Brzeziński o trzech Europach’,
Nowy świat
, 3 Mar. 1992.

44.
Prof. Ken Jowitt (UC Berkeley) at the International Security Conference, Yale University, 2–4 Apr. 1992.

Summertown, 14 February 1992

45.
Independent
, 14 Feb. 1992;
Guardian
, 14 Feb. 1992;
El Pais
, 13 Feb. 1992;
Le Monde
, 13 Feb. 1992;
De Telegraaf
, 13 Feb. 1992;
Suddeutsche Zeitung
, 13 Feb. 1992;
Gazeta Wyborcza
, 12 Feb. 1992;
The Oxford Times
, 14 Feb. 1992.

46.
Corriere della Sera
, 13 Feb. 1992.

47.
Daily Mail
, 13 Feb. 1992.

48.
Le Monde
, 14 Feb. 1992.

49.
European
, 13–19 Feb. 1992.

50.
The Times
, 14 Feb. 1992.

51.
Alan Hamilton, ‘Scots Recall an Ancient Act of Treachery’,
The Times
, 14 Feb. 1992, 16;
Die Zeit
, 7 Feb. 1992, Reiner Luyken, ‘Schotten, erhebt euch! Reisst der Nationalismus nun auch Grossbritannien in Stücke?’

52.
Polska tak, ale jaka?
(Poland, yes, but what sort of Poland?) is an old tag from the 19th cent., when Poland had been destroyed. Now it’s Russia’s turn.

53.
(Eternal wanderer of the unmoving azure, | I miss Europe with its ancient ramparts); from Arthur Rimbaud, ‘Le Bateau ivre’, in
Poésies: Une saison en enfer; Illuminations
(Paris, 1973). 97.

ABKHAZIA 1
. Yutaka Akino,
The Last Scenario of Gamsakhurdia
(December 1993). Institute of East-West Studies (Prague, 1994); also Neal Ascherson in the
Independent
, 17 July 1994. Ascherson’s
Black Sea
(1995) contains a chapter on Abkhazia.

ADELANTE 1
. Hugh Thomas,
The Spanish Civil War
, 3rd edn. (London, 1977), 452 ff.
2
. From W. H. Auden, ‘Spain 1937’, quoted by Thomas,
The Spanish Civil War
, 460.
3
. See F. Graham,
The Battle ofjarama, 1937: The Story of the British Battalion of the International Brigades
(Newcastle, 1987).
4
. Thomas,
The Spanish Civil War
, 853.

AGOBARD 1
. Allen Cabaniss, ‘Agobard of Lyons’ in P. Quennell (ed.),
Diversions in History
(London, 1954), 41–51.
2
.
Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Epistolae
, iii. 159; quoted by Christopher Dawson,
The Making of Europe
(London, 1932), 257.

ALCHEMIA 1
. R. J. W. Evans, ‘Rudolph and the Occult Arts’, in
Rudolph II and His World: a Study in Intellectual History, 1576–1612
(Oxford, 1973), 196–242.
2
. M. Rady, ‘A Transylvanian Alchemist in London’, to be published in the
Slavonic and East European Review
.
3
. Evans, op. cit. 199.
4
. J. Bronowski,
The Ascent of Man
(London, 1970).
5
. See F. Sherwood Taylor,
The Alchemists
(London, 1952); J. Read,
Through Alchemy to Chemistry: a procession of ideas and personalities
(London, 1957).
6
. William Shakespeare,
Sonnet 33
.