Europe: A History (239 page)

27.
Listy do Marysieńki
, ed. L. Kukulski (Warsaw, 1973), ii. 214–19, trans. B. Mazur; quoted by Davies,
God’s Playground
, i. 484–6. See also Davies,
Sobieski’s Legacy
(M. B. Grabowski Lecture, 1984) (London, 1985).

28.
J. T. A. Alexander,
Catherine the Great: Life and Legend
(Oxford, 1983), 329.

29.
Isabel de Madariaga,
Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great
(London, 1981), 587–8.

30.
Pipes,
Russia Under the Old Regime
, 112–38.

31.
Ibid. 115.

32.
Quoted by Davies,
Sobieski’s Legacy; passim
.

33.
See E. Rzadkowska (ed.),
Voltaire et Rousseau en France et en Pologne
(Warsaw, 1982).
Prague, 29 October 1787

34.
From the
Recollections
of Wilhelm Kühe, quoted by J. Rushton,
W. A. Mozart, Don Giovanni
(Cambridge, 1981), 124–5.

35. Ludwig von Köchel,
Chronologisch-thematisches Verzeichnis samtlicher Tonwerke
Wolfgang Amadé Mozarts
(Salzburg, 1862), 591 [K. 527].

36.
Rushton,
Mozart
, 67.

37.
See Jonathan Miller (ed.),
The Don Giovanni Book: Myths of Seduction and Betrayal
(London, 1990).

38.
After Rushton,
Mozart
, 47.

39.
Köchel 591, 527/Ouverture.

40. Köchel 592, 527/7.

41. Köchel 593, 527/20.

42.
Köchel 594, 527/26.

43. Köchel 593, 527/22.

44.
H. C. Robbins (ed.),
The Mozart Compendium
(London, 1990), 299.

45.
Emily Anderson (ed.),
The Letters of Mozart and His Family
, rev. edn. (London, 1985), no. 550, Mozart to Baron von Jacquin, pp. 911–12.

46.
Robbins,
Mozart Compendium
, 303–4.

47.
Ibid. 304.

48.
See Andrew Steptoe,
The Mozart-Da Ponte Operas: The Cultural and Musical Background to ‘Le Nozze di Figaro’, ‘Don Giovanni’, and ‘Così fan tutte’
(Oxford, 1983). Later in life Da Ponte migrated to New York, becoming Professor of Italian Literature at Columbia College.

49.
Eduard Morike,
Mozart auf der Reise nach Prag
, introd. by M. B. Benn (London, 1970); also
Mozart’s Journey to Prague
, trans. L. von Loewenstein-Wertheim (London, 1957).

50.
Jaroslav Seifert, ‘Na Bertramce’, from the Collection
Halleyova Kometa
(Prague, 1967), 82–7 (trans. R. Pynsent).

51.
Joseph II’s ‘Journal of a Journey across Bohemia’ (1771) quoted by E. Wangermann,
The Austrian Achievement 1700–1800
(London, 1973), 93.

52.
Roy Porter, ‘Libertinism and Promiscuity’, in Miller,
The Don Giovanni Book
, 1–19.

53.
Giacomo Casanova,
The History of My Life
(1826), trans. W. R. Trast (London, 1967), 71; quoted by Steptoe,
The Mozart–Da Ponte Operas
, 207.

54.
See J. Bouissonouse,
Condorcet: le philosophe dans la révolution
(Paris, 1962).

55.
Memoirs of Madame de la Tour du Pin
, ed. abridged, and trans. Felice Harcourt (London, 1985), 94–5.

CHAPTER IX

1.
Mirabeau 25 Aug. 1790, quoted by Albert Sorel,
L’Europe et la révolution française
(Paris, 1885), i. 554. See Norman Hampson,
The First European Revolution, 1776–1815
(London, 1969).

2.
Wordsworth,
Prelude
, xi. 108; Burke,
Reflections;
Goethe at the Battle of Valmy, 1792.

3.
Thomas Carlyle,
The French Revolution
(1837), ed. A. R. H. Hall (London, 1930), 205.

4.
J. Michelet,
History of the French Revolution
, ed. G. Wright (Chicago, 1967), 17.

5.
Sorel,
L’Europe et la révolution francaise
, i. 1 V.

6.
Thomas Jefferson, first draft of the Declaration of Independence, 1775. Cf. the final text,
In Congress, July 4 1776, the unanimous declaration of the thirteen united states of
America
(facsimile, Washington, DC, 1960).

7.
S. T. Coleridge, ‘The Rime of the Ancient Mariner’ (1797), 139–42, in
Complete Poetical Works
, ed. E. H. Coleridge (Oxford, 1912), 191.

8.
William Blake, ‘The Rose’, in
Poetical Works
, ed. J. Sampson (Oxford, 1905), 123.

9.
Russell,
History of Western Philosophy
, 705.

10.
F. Claudon,
Encyclopédie du romantisme
(Paris, 1980), 48.

11.
Alexis de Tocqueville,
The Ancien Régime and the French Revolution
(London, 1966), pt. iii, ch. 6, 196; also Whitney Pope,
Alexis de Tocqueville: His Social and Political
Theory
(London, 1983).

12.
de Tocqueville,
L’Ancien Régime et la révolution française
(1856) (Paris, 1953), pt. ii, ch. 1, 223–4.

13.
R. D. Harris,
Necker: Reform Statesman and the Ancien Regime
(San Francisco, 1979). See Norman Hampson, ‘Update: The French Revolution’,
History
(1989), 10–12.

14.
C. E. Labrousse,
Esquisse du mouvement des prix et des revenus en France au XVIIIème
siècle
(Paris, 1937).

15.
G. Lefebvre,
Quatre Vingt-Neuf
(1939), trans. as
The Coming of the French Revolution
(Princeton, NJ, 1947);
La Révolution française
(1958), trans. as
The French Revolution from the Origins to 1793
(London, 1962); Alfred Cobban,
The Social Interpretation of the
French Revolution
(Cambridge, 1964).

16.
Ibid. 173.

17.
Albert Soboul,
Les Sans-culottes parisiens en l’an II
(Paris, 1962), 1.

18.
See M. Browers, ‘Can We Stop the French Revolution?’,
History
, 76/246 (1991). 56–73; also Conor Cruise O’Brien, ‘The Decline and Fall of the French Revolution’,
New York Review of Books
, 15 Feb. 1990, being a review of F. Furet and M. Ozouf,
A Critical
Dictionary of the French Revolution
(Cambridge, Mass., 1990).

19.
Simon Schama,
Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution
(London, 1989).

20.
See T. C. W. Blanning,
The Origins of the French Revolutionary Wars
(London, 1986).

21.
R. Avezou,
Petite histoire du Dauphiné
(Grenoble, 1946), 85.

22.
Abbé Emmanuel de Sieyès (1748–1836),
Qu’est-ce que le Tiers État?
(Jan. 1789).

23.
Carlyle, op. cit., p. 35.

24.
Ibid. 29.

25.
G. Lefebvre,
La Grande Peur de 1789
(1932); trans. as
The Great Fear of 1789: Rural Panic in Revolutionary France
(New York, 1973).

26.
Source unverified.

27.
Edmund Burke, from
An Appeal from the Old to the New Whigs
(London, 1791), 127–8; text published as appendix to Norman Davies, ‘The Languour of so Remote an Interest: British Attitudes to Poland, 1772–1832’,
Oxford Slavonic Papers
(new series), 16 (1983), 79–90.

28.
See R. B. Rose,
The Making of the Sans-culottes: Democratic Ideas and Institutions in
Paris, 1789–92
(Manchester, 1983).

29.
See Gwyn Lewis,
The Second Vendée: The Continuity of Counter-Revolution in the Department of the Gard, 1789–1815
(Oxford, 1978).

30.
C. Dufresne, ‘La Virée de Galerne’,
Historama
, 20 (1991), 56 ff.

31.
See J. de Viguerie,
Christianisme et Revolution
(Paris, 1986); G. Babeuf,
La Guerre de
Vendée et le système de dépopulation
(Paris, 1987); S. Reynald,
Le Génocide franco-français
(Paris, 1986), and
Juifs et vendéens: d’un genocide à l’autre: la manipulation de la mémoire
(Paris, 1991); J. C. Martin,
Les Guerres de Vendée au Musée d’Histoire de Cholet
(Cholet, 1990); also
Une guerre interminable: la Vendée deux cents ans après
(Nantes, 1985); Charles Tilly,
The Vendée
(London, 1964).

32.
See D. Sutherland,
The Chouans: The Social Origins of Popular Counter-Revolution in
Upper Brittany
(Oxford, 1992).
[GUERRILLA]

33.
E. Blum (ed.),
La Déclaration des droits de l’homme et du citoyen
(Paris, 1902), 3–8; trans. J. H. Stewart,
A Documentary Survey of the French Revolution
(New York, 1951), 113–15.

34.
Quoted by Geoffrey Best, ‘The French Revolution and Human Rights’, in G. Best (ed.),
The Permanent Revolution
(London, 1988), 105.

35.
de Madariaga,
Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great
, 420–1, 423, 451.

36.
Quoted by Davies,
God’s Playground
, i. 542.

37.
From André Barbier, ‘L’Idole’ (1831); quoted by P. Gehl,
Napoleon For and Against
, rev. edn. (London, 1964), 31.

38.
After J. M. Thompson (ed.),
Napoleon’s Letters
(Oxford, 1934), no. 87.

39.
J. C. Herald,
The Mind of Napoleon: a selection from his written and spoken words
(New York, 1955), no. 64.

40.
Quoted by Milan Hauner, ‘Německá střední Europa?’ (A German Central Europe?)
Lidové noviny
(Prague), 30 Oct. 1993.

41.
Daniel Beauvois,
Société et lumières à l’Europe de l’est: l’université de Vilna et les écoles polonaises de l’empire russe
(Paris, 1977), also W. H. Zawadzki,
A Man of Honour: Prince Adam Czartoryski as Statesman of Russia and Poland, 1801–30
(Oxford, 1993).

42.
J. Miller, ‘California’s Tsarist Colony’,
History Today
, 42 (Jan. 1992), 23–8; K. T. Khlebnikov,
Colonial Russian America: Khlebnikov’s Reports, 1817–32
(Portland, Oreg., 1976); P. A. Tikhmenev,
The History of the Russian American Company
(Seattle, 1978).

43.
Sorel, op. cit. i, 1.

Fontainebleau, 20 April 1814

44. ‘Fanfare de l’Empéreur’; Henri Lachouque,
Napoléon et la Garde Impériale
(1957), trans. A. S. Brown as
Anatomy of Glory
(London, 1978), 795.

45.
Ibid. 711–15.

46.
Armand, Marquis de Caulaincourt,
Mémoires
(1933) (see n. 53 below); quoted by D. Chandler,
The Campaigns of Napoleon
(London, 1967), 1003.

47.
Herald,
Mind of Napoleon
, no. 176.

48.
Lachouque, op. cit. The
grognards
, or ‘grumblers’, was the nickname of the Imperial Guard’s 1st Regt of Grenadiers à Pied.

49.
R. F. Delderfield,
Imperial Sunset: The Fall of Napoleon, 1813–14
(London, 1969), 219.

50.
Ibid. 245.

51.
Louis Cohen,
Napoleonic Anecdotes
(London, 1925), no. 209.

52.
J. M. Thompson (ed.),
Napoleon’s Letters
, op. cit.

53.
Lachouque,
Napoléon et la Garde Impériale
, 415.

54.
Chandler,
The Campaigns of Napoleon
, 1002.

55.
Quoted by Felix Markham,
Napoleon and the Awakening of Europe
(New York, 1965), 127.

56.
Ibid. 127.

57.
Caulaincourt,
Mémoires
, English trans. (London, 1935).

58.
Delderfield,
Imperial Sunset
.

59.
Charles de la Roncière (ed.),
The Letters of Napoleon to Marie-Louise
(London, 1935), 265.

60.
Ibid. 266.

61.
Louis Cohen,
Napoleonic Anecdotes
, no. 143.

CHAPTER X

1.
Quoted by A. J. P. Taylor, ‘Bismarck: Man of German Destiny’, in
Europe: Grandeur and Decline
(London, 1967), 80.

2.
From the tombstone of William Pickering and Richard Edger, who both died 24 Dec. 1845; South Porch, Ely Cathedral.

3.
A. Palmer,
Metternich
(London, 1972), 15: ‘Revolution became for him the supreme bogey.’ See also L. B. Namier, ‘Metternich’, in
Vanished Supremacies: Essays on
European History, 1812–1918
(London, 1958).

4.
Eric Hobsbawm,
Industry and Empire
(London, 1969), 21–2.

5.
See Roman Szporluk,
Communism and Nationalism: Karl Marx versus Friedrich List
(Oxford, 1989).

6.
See E. L. Jones,
The European Miracle: Environments, Economies, and Geopolitics in the History of Europe and Asia
(Cambridge, 1981).

7.
See Peter Laslett, ‘The History of the Family’, an introduction to
Household and Family in Past Times
(Cambridge, 1972), 1–89; on Le Play, ibid. 16–23.

8.
B. Disraeli,
Sybil, or the Two Nations
(1845) (London, 1925), 67.

9.
Norman Stone, ‘The Great Depression’, in
Europe Transformed: 1878–1919
(London, 1982), 20–42.

10.
Keats, ‘La Belle Dame Sans Merci’,
The Oxford Book of English Verse
(1939), no. 640.

11.
Lamartine, from ‘Le Lac’,
The Oxford Book of French Verse
(1907), no. 236.

12.
Leopardi, from ‘Canto notturno di un pastor dell’Asia’,
The Penguin Book of Italian Verse
(London, 1958), 279–85.

13.
Joseph von Eichendorff, ‘Das Zerbrechenen Ringlein’ (The Broken Ring), in L. Reiners (ed.),
Der ewige Brunnen
, Beck Verlag, 1992.

14.
Słowacki, from ‘Beniowski’, translated by Norman Davies, more accurately than in
Heart of Europe
(Oxford, 1984), 243. These lines are inscribed on the tomb of Józef Piłsudski in the Rossa Cemetery, Vilnius, Lithuania.