Europe: A History (240 page)

15.
A. Pushkin, from the Prologue to ‘The Bronze Horseman (1833)’,
The Penguin Book of Russian Verse
, ed. D. Obolensky (London, 1962), 111–15. Pushkin’s words echo the lines of the exiled Mickiewicz, with whom he had once stood before the statue of Peter the Great ‘under one coat’. See A. Mickiewicz, ‘Pomnik Piotra Wielkiego’, from ‘Dziadów Czçści III Ustęp’ (1832),
Wybór Pism
(Warsaw, 1950), 308–9.

16.
Chorus Mysticus, from
Faust
, pt. ii, 12,104-end;
Goethe: Selected Verse
, ed. David Luke (London, 1964), 355.

17.
See Maria Korzeniewicz,
Od ludowości ironicznej do ludowości mistycznej: przemiany postaw estetycznych Słowackiego
(Wrocław, 1981).

18.
de Nerval, the opening lines of ‘Les Cydalises’,
Oxford Book of French Verse
, no. 276. See R. Sabatier,
La Poésie du XIXe siècle
, i:
Les Romantismes
(Paris, 1977), 221–52.

19.
Quoted by B. Russell, 764–5.

20.
See B. A. Gerrish,
A Prince of the Church: Schleiermacher and the beginnings of modern theology
(London, 1984); K. W. Clements,
Friedrich Schleiermacher: Pioneer of Modern Theology
(London, 1987).

21.
See James Sheehan,
German Liberalism in the Nineteenth Century
(London, 1978).

22.
See D. Blackbourn and G. Eley,
The Peculiarities of German History: Bourgeois Society and Politics in Nineteenth Century Germany
(Oxford, 1984); see also Madeleine Hurd, ‘Sweden and the German Sonderweg’, paper presented to the 8th International Conference of Europeanists, Chicago, 27–9 Mar. 1992.

23.
These definitions are not too dissimilar from those preferred by A. D. Smith in
Theories of Nationalism
(London, 1971), where the proponents of state nationalism are associated with the ‘lateral aristocratic ethnos’. See also Hans Kohn,
Nationalism: Its Meaning and History
(Princeton, NJ, 1965); Louis Snyder,
The Dynamics of Nationalism
(New York, 1964), and
Varieties of Nationalism: A Comparative Study
(New York, 1976); Elie Kedourie,
Nationalism
(Oxford, 1966); Ernest Gellner,
Nations and Nationalism
(Oxford, 1983); P. Alter,
Nationalism
(London, 1989); A. D. Smith (ed.),
Ethnicity and Nationalism
(Leiden, 1992). (See n. 31 below.)

24.
N. Gardels, ‘Two Concepts of Nationalism: An Interview with Isaiah Berlin’,
New York Review of Books
, 21 Nov. 1991.

25.
Ernest Renan, from
Qu’est-ce qu’une nation? Conférence faite en Sorbonne le 11 mars 1882
, in
Œuvres complètes
(Paris, 1947), i. 887–906.

26.
See Hugh Seton-Watson,
States and Nations: An Enquiry into the Origins of Nations and the Politics of Nationalism
(London, 1977).

27.
J. F. Palmer, ‘The Saxon Invasion and Its Influence on Our Character as a Race’,
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
,
N.S.,
ii (1885), 173–96.

28.
H. S. Chamberlain,
Die Grundlagen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts
(1899), quoted by W. and A. Durant, ‘Race and History’, in
The Lessons of History
(New York, 1968), 26–7.

29.
See H. Paszkiewicz,
The Origins of Russia
(London, 1954); also ‘Are the Russians Really Slavs?’
Antemurale
, 2 (Rome, 1955).

30.
F. M. Dostoevsky,
The Diary of a Writer
, trans. B. Basol (London, 1949), 565–6, 632.

31.
Eric Hobsbawm,
Nations and Nationalism since 1780
(Cambridge, 1990), 14.

32.
Timothy D. Snyder, ‘Kazimierz Kelles-Krauz: a political and intellectual biography’. D.Phil. thesis, Oxford University, 1995.

33.
With acknowledgement to a paper ‘Empire and Nation in Russian History’ read by Professor Geoffrey Hosking at St Antony’s College, Oxford, 3 May 1992.

34.
See Louis L. Snyder,
The New Nationalism
(New York, 1968), 55 (see also Introduction, n. 66 above); Yael Tamir,
Liberal Nationalism
(Princeton, NJ, 1993).

35.
Kazimierz Brodziński, quoted and translated by Norman Davies,
Heart of Europe
, 202.

36.
Count Eduard von Taafe und Ballymote (1833–95). ‘Not only did Taafe not find an answer to the riddle, he did not even look for one’; C. A. Macartney,
The Habsburg Empire, 1790–1918
(London, 1969), 615.

37.
Bonar Law, 1912.
Encyclopaedia Britannica
, 11th edn. (New York, 1911), 554; R. Kee,
The Green Flag: a history of Irish Nationalism
(London, 1972).

38.
C. M. Grieve (Hugh MacDiarmid), ‘A drunk man looks at the thistle’ (1926), ‘The annals of the five senses’ (1930), in
Collected Poems
(London, 1978); T. Nairn,
The Break-up of Britain: crisis and neonationalism
, 2nd edn. (London, 1981);
The Enchanted Glass: Britain and its monarchy
(London, 1988). See also N. MacCormick (ed.),
The Scottish Debate: essays on Scottish Nationalism
(Oxford, 1970); G. Bryan,
Scottish Nationalism: an annotated bibliography
(Westport, Conn., 1984).

39.
Renan, 1882 (see n. 25 above).

40.
See Isaiah Berlin,
Karl Marx: His Life and Environment
, 4th edn. (Oxford, 1978); Angus Walker,
Marx: His Theory and Its Context
, 2nd edn. (London, 1989).

41.
From A. J. P. Taylor, introduction to
The Communist Manifesto
, trans. S. Moore (Harmondsworth, 1967).

42.
Quoted by Tibor Szamuely,
The Russian Tradition
(London, 1974), 292. See Deborah Hardy,
Petr Tkachev: The Critic as Jacobin
(Seattle, 1977).

43.
Professor Kołakowski reports that he has made the statement so often that he forgets where exactly he wrote it. See his
The Main Currents of Marxism: Its Origins, Growth, and Dissolution
(Oxford, 1978).

44.
Robert Conquest, introduction to Szamuely,
The Russian Tradition
, p. ix.

45.
See G. Woodcock,
Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements
(London, 1963), ‘The Family Tree’, 35–55.

46.
Percy Bysshe Shelley,
Prometheus Unbound
(1819),
III
. iii. 131–5,154,157–61.

47.
Peter Marshall,
Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism
(London, 1991).

48.
A. J. P. Taylor, ‘The Wild Ones’,
Observer
, 25 Oct. 1964, being a review of James Joll,
The Anarchists
(London, 1964).

49.
Taylor, ‘Bismarck’, 90.

50.
See F. Malino and D. Sorkin,
Jews in a Changing Europe, 1750–1870
(Oxford, 1990); P. Johnson,
A History of the Jews
(London, 1987).

51.
Quoted by C. Jelen,
Le Point
(Paris), 1, 163 (1994)> 45.

52.
See Heinz-Dietrich Loewe,
The Tsars and the Jews: Reform, Reaction, and Antisemitism in Imperial Russia, 1772–1917
(Chur, 1993); F. Raphael,
The Necessity of Antisemitism
(Southampton, 1989); R. Wistrich,
Anti-zionism and Antisemitism in the Contemporary World
(Basingstoke, 1990); Douglas Johnson,
The Dreyfus Affair
(London, 1966); N. Cohn,
Warrant for Genocide: The Myth of the Jewish World-Conspiracy and the Protocols of the Elders of Zion
(London, 1967).

53.
Encyclopaedia Britannica
, xxviii. 989.

54.
Isaac Deutscher,
The Non-Jewish Jew and other essays
(London, 1968).

55.
J. Wertheimer,
Unwelcome Strangers: East European Jews in Imperial Germany, 1890–1914
(Oxford, 1987); S. E. Aschheim,
Brothers and Strangers: The East European Jew in German and German Jewish consciousness, 1800–1923
(Madison, Wis., 1988).

56.
Hundert Jahre Jahrhundertwende
(Berlin, 1988), 155.

57.
Herbert Read, in
Art Now
(1933), quoted in
The Oxford Companion to English Literature
, ed. Margaret Drabble (1985), 658.

58.
See J. P. Stern,
A Study of Nietzsche
(Cambridge, 1979); S. Aschheim,
The Nietzsche
Legacy in Germany
(Oxford, 1992).

59.
See Ben Macintyre,
Forgotten Fatherland: The Search for Elizabeth Nietzsche
(London, 1992).

60.
John Carey,
The Intellectuals and the Masses
(London, 1992), 4. See ‘Extreme Prejudice’,
Sunday Times, Books
28 June 1992, 8–9.

61.
Quoted by Carey,
The Intellectuals and the Masses
, 12.

62.
Michael Coren, ‘And the Inferior Swarms Will Have to Die’,
Independent
, 2 Jan. 1993: a flyer for his
The Invisible Man: The Life and Liberties of H. G. Wells
(London, 1993).
Anticipations
is not mentioned in the entry on Wells in
The Oxford Companion to
English Literature
.

63.
Carey,
The Intellectuals and the Masses
, 21.

64.
See J. Miller,
Freud: The Man, His World, and His Influence
(London, 1972).

65.
Baudelaire, from the sonnet ‘Correspondences’,
Oxford Book of French Verse
, no. 305.

66.
From Verlaine, ‘Chanson d’automne’, ibid. no. 345.

67.
Rimbaud, from ‘Voyelles’, ibid. no. 362.

68.
Max Nordau,
Degeneration
(1892–3), quoted by R. C. Mowat,
Decline and Renewal:
Europe Ancient and Modern
(Oxford, 1991), 12–13.

69.
Quoted by Michael Howard,
The Franco-Prussian War: The German Invasion of
France, 1870–1
(London, 1962), 208. von Moltke preferred ‘We have them in a mousetrap’; ibid. 207.

70.
Ewa M. Thompson, ‘Russophilia’, in
Chronicles
(Oct. 1994), 32–5.

71.
Music-hall song by G. W. Hunt, popularized in 1878 by Jas. MacDermott;
The Condse
Oxford Dictionary of Quotations
(Oxford, 1964), 112.

72.
See Michael Howard,
War in European History
(Oxford, 1976), 97–106.

73.
From Halford Mackinder,
Democratic Ideas and Reality
(1919), quoted by C. Kruszewski, ‘The Geographical Pivot of History’,
Foreign Affairs
(Apr. 1954), 2–16; ‘The Geographical Pivot of History’ (25 Jan. 1904),
Geographical Journal
(Apr. 1904), 421–44 (repr. London, 1969). See B. B. Bluet,
Halford Mackinder: a biography
(College Station, TX, 1987).

74.
H. von Moltke,
Gesammelte Schriften und Denkwurdigkeiten
(Berlin, 1892), v. 194.

75.
Quoted by Michael Howard, ‘A Thirty Years’ War: Two World Wars in Historical Perspective’,
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
, 6th ser., 3 (1993), 171. Cf. Adolf Hitler before the Reichstag, 21 May 1935: ‘Whoever lights the torch of war in Europe can wish for nothing but chaos.’

76.
Joachim Remak,
Sarajevo: The Story of a Political Murder
(London, 1959); L. Popelka,
Heeres-gesichtliches Museum
(Vienna, 1988), 50–1. Francis-Ferdinand’s two sons, Max and Ernst von Hohenberg, died in Nazi custody in 1938 at Dachau.

Whitehall, 3 August 1914

77.
D. C. Browning (ed.),
Everyman’s Dictionary of Quotations and Proverbs
(London, 1951), no. 1792;
The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Quotations
, 113; A. and V. Palmer,
Quotations in History: A Dictionary of Historical Quotations
(Hassocks, 1976), 97.

78.
Viscount Grey of Fallodon,
Twenty-five Years, 1892–1916
(London, 1925), ii. 10, 20.

79.
Keith Robbins,
Sir Edward Grey: A Biography of Lord Grey of Fallodon
(London, 1971).

80.
See B. Jelavich,
Russia’s Balkan Entanglements, 1800–1914
(Cambridge, 1991), esp. 248–75. The Tsar’s Manifesto of 3 Aug. made no reference to Russia’s diplomatic obligations to Serbia, only to the common ‘faith’, ‘blood’, and ‘historical traditions of the Slav peoples’; ibid. 275.

81.
See G. M. Trevelyan,
Grey ofFallodon
(London, 1937).

82.
See Sidney Buxton,
Edward Grey: Bird Lover and Fisherman
(London, 1933).

83.
8 Dec. 1919, Harvard Union; Viscount Grey,
Recreation
(London, 1920).

84.
Grey,
Twenty-five Years
, i. 121.

85.
From ‘Chronicle’ in
The Annual Register, 1914
(London, 1915).

86.
W. S. Churchill,
World Crisis
, quoted by Trevelyan,
Grey of Fallodon
, 200–4.

87.
Manchester Guardian
, 4 Aug. 1914.

88.
David Lloyd George,
War Memoirs
, quoted by Trevelyan,
Grey of Fallodon
, 69, 254.

89.
See Hermann Lutz,
Lord Grey und der Weltkrieg
, trans. as
Lord Grey and the World War
(London, 1926), esp. 193–4.

90.
Grey,
Twenty-five Years
, i. 57.

91.
Robbins,
Sir Edward Grey
, 290.

92.
Grey,
Twenty-five Years
, ii. 10–18.

93.
Martin Gilbert,
Winston S. Churchill
, iii (1914–16) (London, 1971), 3 Aug. 1914.

94.
J. Spender and C. Asquith,
The Life of Lord Asquith and Oxford
(London, 1932), ii. 93.

95.
B. Connell, ‘Prince Louis of Battenberg’, in
Manifest Destiny
(London, 1953), 44–5.
[GOTHA]

96.
Gilbert,
Churchill
, iii, ch. 1, ‘A Really Happy Man’, 25–6.