Read Eat to Live: The Amazing Nutrient-Rich Program for Fast and Sustained Weight Loss Online
Authors: Joel Fuhrman
35
Byers T. Diet, colorectal adenomas, and colorectal cancer (editorial).
New Eng J Med.
2000; 342(16):1206–7.
36
Ludwig DS, Pereira MA, Kroenke CH, et al. Dietary fiber, weight gain and cardiovascular disease risk factors in young adults.
JAMA.
1999; 282(16):1539–46.
1
USDA Economic Research Service. Loss-Adjusted Food Availability.
http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/FoodConsumption/FoodGuideIndex.htm
.
2
Williams CD, Satia JA, Adair LS, et al. Dietary patterns, food groups, and rectal cancer risk in whites and African-Americans.
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prevent
. 2009 May;18(5):1552–61; Flood A, Rastogi T, Wirfält E, et al. Dietary patterns as identified by factor analysis and colorectal cancer among middle-aged Americans.
Am J Clin Nutr.
2008 Jul;88(1): 176–84.
3
USDA Economic Research Service. Dietary Assessment of Major Trends in U.S. Food Consumption, 1970–2005.
http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/EIB33;
USDA Economic Research Service. Loss-Adjusted Food Availability.
http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/FoodConsumption/FoodGuideIndex.htm#calories
.
4
USDA Food Availability (per capita) Data System.
http://www.ers.usda.gov/amberwaves/February05/findings/cheeseconsumption.htm
.
5
Agudo A, Cabrera L, Amiano P, et al. Fruit and vegetable intakes, dietary antioxidant nutrients, and total mortality in Spanish adults: findings from the Spanish cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Spain).
Am J Clin Nutr
. 2007 Jun;85(6):1634–42; Nagura J, Iso H, Watanabe Y, et al. Fruit, vegetable and bean intake and mortality from cardiovascular disease among Japanese men and women: the JACC Study.
Br J Nutr.
2009 Jul;102(2):285-92; Tobias M, Turley M, Stefanogiannis N, et al. Vegetable and fruit intake and mortality from chronic disease in New Zealand.
Aust N Z J Public Health
. 2006 Feb;30(1): 26–31.
6
Heron M, Tejada-Vera B. Deaths: Leading Causes for 2005.
National Vital Statistics Reports
. 2009;58(8). Available online at
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr58/nvsr58_08.pdf
.
7
USDA Economic Research Service. Loss-Adjusted Food Availability.
http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/FoodConsumption/FoodGuideIndex.htm
.
8
Original chart: data compiled from 1960s mortality data from the World Health Organization and National Institutes of Health (no longer available online), food balance sheets from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (
http://faostat.fao.org/site/368/default.aspx#ancor
), and communication with health authorities in several of the countries listed.
9
Radhika G, Sudha V, Mohan Sathya R, et al. Association of fruit and vegetable intake with cardiovascular risk factors in urban south Indians.
Br J Nutr
. 2008 Feb;99(2):398–405; Nöthlings U, Schulze MB, Weikert C, et al. Intake of vegetables, legumes, and fruit, and risk for all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality in a European diabetic population.
J Nutr.
2008 Apr;138(4): 775–81.
10
Zhang CX, Ho SC, Chen YM, et al. Greater vegetable and fruit intake is associated with a lower risk of breast cancer among Chinese women.
Int J Cancer
. 2009 Jul 1;125(1):181–188; Sandoval M, Font R, Ma s M, et al. The role of vegetable and fruit consumption and other habits on survival following the diagnosis of oral cancer: a prospective study in Spain.
Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg
. 2009 Jan;38(1):31–139; Nomura AM, Wilkens LR, Murphy SP, et al. Association of vegetable, fruit, and grain intakes with colorectal cancer: the Multiethnic Cohort Study.
Am J Clin Nutr.
2008 Sep;88(3): 730–137; Kirsh VA, Peters U, Mayne ST, et al. Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. Prospective study of fruit and vegetable intake and risk of prostate cancer.
J Natl Cancer Inst
. 2007 Aug 1;99(15):1200–9; Satia-Abouta J, Galanko JA, Martin CF, et al. Food groups and colon cancer risk in African-Americans and Caucasians.
Int J Cancer.
2004 May 1;109(5):728–136; Franceschi S, Parpinel M, La Vecchia C, et al. Role of different types of vegetables and fruit in the prevention of cancer of the colon, rectum and breast.
Epidemiology
. 1998;9(3):338–41; Van Den Brandt PA. Nutrition and cancer: causative, protective, and therapeutic aspects.
Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd.
1999;143(27):1414–20; Fraser GE. Association between diet and cancer, ischemic heart disease, and all-cause mortality in non-Hispanic white California Seventh-Day Adventists.
Am J Clin Nutr
. 1999;70(Suppl 3):S532-38.
11
Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud LL, et al. Mortality in randomized trials of antioxidant supplements for primary and secondary prevention: systematic review and meta-analysis.
JAMA
. 2007 Feb 28;297(8):842–57.
12
Goodman GE. Prevention of lung cancer.
Curr Opini Oncol.
1998; 10(2):122–26.
13
Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, et al. Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease.
N Eng J Med.
1996;334(18):1150–55; Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Manson JE, et al. Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta-carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease.
N Eng J Med.
1996;334(18):1145–49.
14
Albanes D, Heinonen OP, Taylor PR, et al. Alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplements lung cancer incidence in the alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene prevention study: effects of baseline characteristics and study compliance.
J Natl Cancer Inst.
1996; 8(21):1560–70; Rapola JM, Virtamo J, Ripatti S, et al. Randomized trial of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplements on incidence of major coronary events in men with previous myocardial infarction.
Lancet
. 1997; 349(9067):1715–20.
15
Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud LL, et al. Mortality in randomized trials of antioxidant supplements for primary and secondary prevention: systematic review and meta-analysis.
JAMA
. 2007 Feb 28;297(8):842–57.
16
Nelson NJ. Is chemoprevention research overrated or underfunded?
Primary Care and Cancer.
1996;16(8):29.
17
Cohen JH, Kristal AR, Stanford JL. Fruit and vegetable intakes and prostate cancer risk.
J Natl Cancer Inst.
2000;92(1):61–68.
18
Forte A, De Sanctis R, Leonetti G, et al. Dietary chemoprevention of colorectal cancer.
Ann Ital Chir.
2008 Jul–Aug;79(4):261–67; Harikumar KB, Aggarwal BB. Resveratrol: a multitargeted agent for age-associated chronic diseases.
Cell Cycle.
2008 Apr 15;7(8):1020–35; Juge N, Mithen RF, Traka M. Molecular basis for chemoprevention by sulforaphane: a comprehensive review.
Cell Mol Life Sci
. 2007 May;64(9):1105–27; Lee ER, Kang GH, Cho SG. Effect of flavonoids on human health: old subjects but new challenges.
Recent Pat Biotechnol
. 2007;1(2):139–50; Messina M, Kucuk O, Lampe JW. An overview of the health effects of isoflavones with an emphasis on prostate cancer risk and prostate-specific antigen levels.
J AOAC Int
. 2006 Jul–Aug;89(4):1121–34.
19
Roa I, Araya JC, Villaseca M, et al. Preneoplastic lesions and gallbladder cancer: an estimate of the period required for progression
Gastroenterology
. 1996;111(1):232–36; Kashayap V, Das BC. DNA aneuploidy and infection of human papillomavirus type 16 in preneoplastic lesions of the uterine cervix: correlation with progression to malignancy.
Cancer Lett.
1998;123(1):47–52.
20
Higdon JV, Delage B, Williams DE, Dashwood RH. Cruciferous vegetables and human cancer risk: epidemiologic evidence and mechanistic basis.
Pharmacol Res.
2007 Mar; 55(3):224–36; Srivastava SK, Xiao D, Lew KL, et al. Allyl isothiocyanate, a constituent of cruciferous vegetables, inhibits growth of PC-3 human prostate cancer xenografts in vivo.
Carcinogenesis.
2003 Oct;24(10):1665–70; Rose P, Huang Q, Ong CN, Whiteman M. Broccoli and watercress suppress matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity and invasiveness of human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells.
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol.
2005 Dec 1;209(2):105–13; Ray A. Cancer preventive role of selected dietary factors.
Indian J Cancer.
2005 Jan–Mar;42(1):15–24; Keck AS, Finley JW. Cruciferous vegetables: cancer protective mechanisms of glucosinolate hydrolysis products and selenium.
Integr Cancer Ther
. 2004 Mar;3(1):5–12; Seow A, Yuan JM, Sun CL, et al. Dietary isothiocyanates, glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms and colorectal cancer risk in the Singapore Chinese Health Study.
Carcinogenesis.
2002 Dec;23 (12):2055–61; Johnston N. Sulforaphane halts breast cancer cell growth.
Drug Discov Today.
2004 Nov 1;9(21):908.
21
Based on USDA standard reference data for broiled porterhouse steak and chopped frozen broccoli.
22
Nutritionist Pro Nutrition Analysis Software, Versions 2.5, 3.1, Axxya Systems, Stafford TX, 2006. Based on USDA standard reference data for cooked frozen broccoli, broiled porterhouse steak, chopped romaine lettuce, and boiled kale.
23
Kahn HA, Phillips RL, Snowdon DA, Choi W. Association between reported diet and all-cause mortality: twenty-one-year follow-up on 27,530 adult Seventh Day Adventists.
Am J Epid.
1984; 119(5):775–87.
24
Steinmetz KA, Potter JD. Vegetables, fruit and cancer prevention: a review.
J Am Diet Assoc.
1996;96: 1027–39.
25
A pyramid topples at the USDA.
Consumer Reports.
1991 Oct: 663–66.
26
Harris W.
The scientific basis of vegetarianism.
Honolulu: Hawaii Health Publishers, 1995. pp. 101–6.
27
Hausman, P. Jack Sprat’s legacy: the science and politics of fat and cholesterol. New York: Center for Science in the Public Interest; 1981.
28
USDA Fiscal Year 2007 Budget of the U.S. Government: Mid-Session Review.
http://www.fsa.usda.gov/Internet/FSA_File/07midsessionrev.pdf
.
29
Hebert JR, Hurley TG, Olendzki BC, et al. Nutritional and socioeconomic factors in relation to prostate cancer mortality: a cross national study.
J Nati Cancer Inst.
1998;90(21):1637–47.
1
Brody J. Huge study of diet indicts fat and meat.
New York Times
. 1990 May 8: Science Times:1.
2
Chen J, Campbell TC, Li J, Peto R.
Diet, life-style and mortality in China: a study of the characteristics of 65 Chinese counties.
Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1990. p. 894.
3
Campbell TC, Parpia B, Chen J. Diet, lifestyle, and the etiology of coronary artery disease: the Cornell China Study.
Am J Cardiol.
1998;82(10B):18–21T.
4
Thiébaut AC, Jiao L, Silverman DT, et al. Dietary fatty acids and pancreatic cancer in the NIH-AARP diet and health study.
J Natl Cancer Inst
. 2009 Jul 15;101 (14):1001–11; Brock KE, Gridley G, Chiu BC, et al. Dietary fat and risk of renal cell carcinoma in the USA: a case-control study.
Br J Nutr.
2009 Apr;101(8):1228–38; Sieri S, Krogh V, Ferrari P, et al. Dietary fat and breast cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition.
Am J Clin Nutr.
2008 Nov;88(5):1304–12; Jakobsen MU, O’Reilly EJ, Heitmann BL, et al. Major types of dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease: a pooled analysis of 11 cohort studies.
Am J Clin Nutr.
2009 May;89 (5):1425–32; Wiviott SD, Cannon CP. Update on lipid-lowering therapy and LDL-cholesterol targets.
Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med.
2006 Aug;3(8):424–36; Simopoulos AP. The omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio, genetic variation, and cardiovascular disease.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr.
2008;17 (suppl 1): 131–134; Simopoulos AP. Evolutionary aspects of diet, the omega-6/omega-3 ratio and genetic variation: nutritional implications for chronic diseases.
Biomed Pharmacother
. 2006 Nov;60(9):502–7.
5
Castro AM, Guerra-Júnior G. [GH/IGF-1 and cancer: what’s new in this association].
Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol
. 2005 Oct;49 (5):833–42; Papatsoris AG, Karamouzis MV, Papavassiliou AG. Novel insights into the implication of the IGF-1 network in prostate cancer.
Trends Mol Med
. 2005 Feb;11(2):52–55; Kaaks R. Nutrition, insulin, IGF-1 metabolism and cancer risk: a summary of epidemiological evidence.
Novartis Found Symp.
2004;262:247–60; discussion 260–68; Lønning PE, Helle SI. IGF-1 and breast cancer.
Novartis Found Symp
. 2004;262: 205–12; discussion 212–14, 265–68; Roberts CT Jr. IGF-1 and prostate cancer.
Novartis Found Symp.
2004;262:193–99; discussion 199–204, 265–68.
6
Campbell, TC, Parpia B, Chen J. A plant-enriched diet and long-term health, particularly in reference to China.
Hort Science
. 1990; 25(12):1512–14.
7
Andrikoula M, McDowell IF. The contribution of ApoB and ApoA1 measurements to cardiovascular risk assessment.
Diabetes Obes Metab.
2008 Apr;10(4):271–78; Kampoli AM, Tousoulis D, Antoniades C, Siasos G, Stefanadis C. Biomarkers of premature atherosclerosis.
Trends Mol Med
. 2009 Jul;15(7): 323–32.