Drinking Water (42 page)
regulated as a food product: Sally Squires, “Is Bottled Water Worth the Price?,” | |
manufacturers must remove or reduce: Gleick, | |
water never enters into interstate commerce: Olson, “Bottled Water.” | |
Ten states do not regulate: Gleick, | |
only one-quarter of one person: “Money Down the Drain? A Review of Bottled Water in Massachusetts,” Massachusetts Senate Committee on Post Audit and Oversight (2000), 7. | |
forty-three states fund one or fewer: Howard, “Message in a Bottle.” | |
more than 330,000 times: “Drinking Water,” NYC Environmental Protection, | |
if fines are ever levied: “Money Down the Drain.” | |
“specific source, mineral composition”: Gleick, | |
Cleveland with the local tap: Howard, “Message in a Bottle.” | |
“purity can be misguided”: Standage, “Bad to the Last Drop.” | |
bottles contained arsenic: Olson, “Bottled Water.” | |
arsenic, benzene, chloroform: “Bottled Water and Vended Water: Are Consumers Getting Their Money’s Worth?,” Office of Research, California Legislature Assembly (1985), 2. | |
Kansas Department of Health: Howard, “Message in a Bottle.” | |
discarded daily in trash cans: “Bottled Water,” | |
water bottles in its trash: Howard, “Message in a Bottle.” | |
“better for the environment”: “Pepsico’s Aquafina Launches the Eco-Fina Bottle, the Lightest Weight Bottle in the Market,” Pepsico, | |
overall recycling rate for plastic: Gleick, | |
“16 percent of PET water bottles”: Howard, “Message in a Bottle.” | |
the sixth state to do so: Gleick, | |
a lot more greenhouse gas emissions: Maureen Clancy, “Bottled water can be a poor environmental choice,” | |
website lists a series of initiatives: Fiji Water Newsroom, | |
“Greenwashes of the Year”: Heidi Spiegelbaum, “The Greenwash Brigade,” American Public Media Marketplace, | |
American Nuns similarly voiced: Gleick, | |
Del Posto in New York and Poggio: Marian Burros, “Fighting the Tide, a Few Restaurants Tilt to Tap Water,” | |
“the greatest marketing scam”: Royte, | |
water filter and reusable container: Rick Rouan, “Water experiences a bottleneck in sales,” | |
install fifty water fountains: “UCF To Install Water Fountains In New Stadium,” WESH, Sept. 18, 2007, | |
trendiest restaurants: Florence Fabricant, “In a Drought, Putting a Spin on the Bottle,” | |
Atlanta restaurants did the same: Catherine Cobb, “Drought Drives Water Conservation Efforts in Southeast,” |
7: Need Versus Greed
Cochabamba’s residents lack access: Erik B. Bluemel, “The Implications of Formulating a Human Right to Water,” | |
up to ten times more: Elizabeth Peredo Beltran, “Water, Privatization and Conflict: Women from the Cochabamba Valley,” | |
declared the property of the state: Maria McFarland Sanchez-Moreno and Tracy Higgins, “Special Report: No Recourse: Transnational Corporations and the Protection of Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights in Bolivia,” | |
“a fundamental human right”: The Cochabamba Declaration (2000), available at | |
“recognized as an economic good”: The Dublin Statement on Water and Sustainable Development (1992), available at | |
sub-Saharan Africa: “Keeping sanitation in the international spotlight,” | |
illnesses caused by contaminated water: “Water Facts,” Water.org, | |
the death of one child: Morris, | |
every dollar spent to improve sanitation: J. Bartram et al., “Focusing on improved water and sanitation for health,” | |
within a fifteen-minute walk: John Thompson et al., “Waiting at the Tap: Changes in Urban Water Use in East Africa Over Three Decades,” | |
170 million people have to walk: Fishman, | |
put a human face on the situation: Aylito’s story is adapted from Tina Rosenberg, “The Burden of Thirst,” | |
A group of Indian girls stopping: The photograph, by Tom Maisey, can be found at Wikimedia, | |
greatest threat facing their citizens: Personal communication with William Reilly, former EPA Administrator (Sept. 21, 2005). | |
the term “water deprivation”: Ben Crow, “Water: Gender and Material Inequalities in the Global South” (Center for Global, International, & Regional Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, working paper no. 2001-5, 2001), 3, | |
“poverty is, quite literally, de-civilizing”: Fishman, | |
95 percent of water systems: Glennon, | |
growing at an annual 6 percent: Gleick, | |
privatized across the globe: Finnegan, “Leasing the Rain.” | |
infrastructure to /files/01/94/65/f019465/public/private partnerships: Gleick, | |
have been renegotiated: J. Luis Guasch, Jean-Jacques Laffont, and Stephane Straub, “Renegotiation of Concession Contracts in Latin America” (ESE Discussion Papers, Edinburgh School of Economics, University of Edinburgh, 2004), 103, | |
“full cost recovery”: Bakker, “Archipelagos and Networks,” 2. | |
water provision and sewer lines expanded: Sebastian Galiani et al., “Water for Life: The Impact of the Privatization of Water Services on Child Mortality,” | |
one of the authors concluded: Ernesto Schargrodsky, “Water and Human Well Being Executive Session” (VIU, San Servelo, July 20, 2009), | |
“he forgot to lay the pipes”: Glennon, | |
to privatization in Argentina: Ibid. | |
“cutting off poor Argentines”: “Buenos Aires: Collapse of the Privatization Deal,” Food & Water Watch, | |
“rate hikes, cut-offs”: Maude Barlow and Tony Clarke, “The Struggle For Latin America’s Water,” North American Congress on Latin America. | |
human right to water: Gleick, | |
“accessible and affordable water”: General Comment No. 15 (2002), The right to water (arts. 11 and 12 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights), | |
seven to fourteen gallons a day: Peter Gleick has suggested the basic minimum for drinking, cooking, bathing and sanitation should be 13 gallons a day. Glennon, | |
“what corporations and investors want”: The Council of Canadians, | |
resolution in 2010 declaring: The Human Right to Water and Sanitation, A/64/L.63/Rev.1 (2010). | |
“from one of charity or commodity”: Erik B. Bluemel, “The Implications of Formulating a Human Right to Water,” | |
at least fifteen national constitutions: “Right to Water: Moving towards a global consensus?,” World Water Council, | |
“in any civilised society”: Chameli Singh v. State of U.P., Indian Supreme Court (1996) 2SCC549:(AIR 1996 SC 1051). | |
list went on and on: S.K. Garg v. State of U.P. and Ors., May 28, 1998. | |
stopping the burial of bodies: M.C Mehta v. Union of India (1988) 1 SCC 471. | |
“large numbers due to dehydration”: S.K. Garg v. State of U.P. and Ors. | |
17 percent of Indians do not have access: Amy Yee, “Liter by Liter, Indians Get Cleaner Water,” | |
entitlement of twenty-five liters: Alix-Gowlland Gualtieri, “South Africa’s Water Law and Policy Framework: Implications for the Right to Water” (IELRC Working Paper, 2007), 1, 4, | |
municipalities have installed prepaid meters: Mazibuko, Case CCT 39/09 at 7. | |
lower court said the practice: Mazibuko and Others v. City of Johannesburg and Others (Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions as amicus curiae) [2008] 4 All SA 471 (W). | |
“to realise the achievement of the right”: Mazibuko, Case CCT 39/09 at 25. | |
more than eight million South Africans: “In the matter between: Lindiwe Mazibuko and Others and the City of Johannesburg and Others,” Constitutional Court of South Africa, Case CCT 39/09, 2 (2009). | |
“to receive it from the hydrants”: Jeffrey A. Kroessler, “Water for the City,” | |
of water from rain barrels: Finnegan, “Leasing the Rain,” 47–51. | |
from 0.01 to 0.05 cents: “Preventing Diarrheal Disease in Developing Countries: Proven Household Water Treatment Options, “Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,” Nov. 2010. | |
technique has been disseminated: Daniele S. Lantagne et al., “Household water treatment and safe storage options in developing countries: A review of current implementation practices,” Woodrow Wilson Center Navigating Peace Initiative. | |
130 million sachets: “Safe Drinking Water,” P&G Health Sciences Institute, | |
“is warranted on the basis”: Thomas Clasen et al., “Interventions to improve water quality for preventing diarrhoea: systematic review and meta-analysis,” | |
review of POU field studies: Lorna Fewtrell et al., “Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis,” | |
those who purchase the kits: Nava Ashraf, James Berry, and Jesse M. Shaprio, “Can Higher Prices Stimulate Product Use? Evidence from a Field Experiment in Zambia,” | |
“willing to pay for water quantity”: Alix Peterson, Michael Kremer, and Robyn Meeks, “Water and Human Well Being: Report of an Executive Session on the Grand Challenges of a Sustainability Transition, San Servolo Island, Venice, Italy: July 20-21, 2009” (CID Working Paper No. 188, Center for International Development Working Paper, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, Nov. 2009). | |
this level of use is no small achievement: Daniele S. Lantagne et al., “Household water treatment and safe storage options in developing countries.” | |
“You’re a professor?”: The quotations in this section are from a talk Scott Harrison gave at Duke’s Nicholas School of the Environment on April 27, 2009. | |
Scott Harrison, the founder: The photograph, provided by the Silicon Prairie News, can be found at Wiki media, | |
cities around the globe hosted events: Amanda Rose, “Twestival Raises Over $250K and Counting,” |
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