2: Who Gets to Drink?
go dormant and “turn off”: See generally Luis P. Villarreal, “Are Viruses Alive?,” | |
the United Nations passed a resolution: The Human Right to Water and Sanitation, A/64/L.63/Rev.1 (2010). | |
“lack of access to clean water”: Maude Barlow, “Access to Clean Water is Most Violated Human Right,” | |
“access to clean water for basic needs”: Maude Barlow, “Blue Gold: The Global Water Crisis and the Commodification of the World’s Water Supply,” Council of Canadians (2001), | |
“the needs of the communities”: “Water Privatization,” Food & Water Watch, | |
settlements since the Neolithic time: Robert Miller, “Water Use in Syria and Palestine from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age,” | |
water storage sites have been found: Miller, “Water Use in Syria and Palestine,” 335–336. | |
reservoirs and plumbing have been identified: “Global Trends In Urban Water Supply And Waste Water Financing And Management,” OECD, 2000. | |
down the mountain slope: Jeff L. Brown, “Water Supply and Drainage at Macchu Picchu,” | |
Jewish law regarding drinking water: Melanne Andromecca Civic, “A Comparative Analysis of the Israeli and Arab Water Law Traditions and Insights for Modern Water Sharing Agreement,” | |
“rivers and streams forming springs”: Ibid., citing Dante A. Caponera, | |
“just as thou refused the surplus”: As quoted in Civic, “A Comparative Analysis of the Israeli and Arab Water Law Traditions,” 442. As quoted in Dante Caponera, “Water Laws in Moslem Countries,” U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization Development Paper No. 43 (Mar. 1954), 15–16. | |
the Bedouin in the Negev: Aaron T. Wolf, “Indigenous Approaches to Water Conflict Negotiations and Implications for International Waters,” | |
“neither may be denied anyone”: Ibid. | |
described the system as “always ask”: Deborah Rose, “Fresh Water Rights and Biophilia: Indigenous Australian Perspectives,” | |
“no one should be denied access”: Pinimidzai Sithole, “Environmental Cultures of Development and Indigenous Knowledge: The Erosion of Traditional Boundaries in Conserving Wetlands in Rural Zimbabwe,” IASCP 10th Biennial Conference (Aug. 2004). | |
“You go to someone”: Nontokozo Nemarundwe and Witness Kozanayi, “Institutional Arrangements for Water Resource Use: A Case Study from Southern Zimbabwe,” | |
upper castes maintain distinct water sources: Nandita Singh, “Water management traditions in Rural India: Valuing the Unvalued,” 18th European Conference on Modern South Asian Studies (July 2004), available at | |
public utilities are required to provide: Jim Rossi, “The Common Law ‘Duty To Serve’ and Protection of Consumers in an Age of Competitive Retail Public Utility Restructuring,” | |
treated as a fungible item for sale: Johannes M. Renger, “Institutional, Communal and Individual Ownership or Possession of Arable Land in Ancient Mesopotamia,” | |
aqueducts play a critical part: A. Trevor Hodge, | |
The famed Pont du Gard in France: The photograph can be found at Wikimedia, | |
fountains, gardens, and even public toilets: In all, eleven aqueducts were constructed over approximately 550 years. O. F.Robinson, | |
the aqueducts forded rivers: Nelson Manfred Blake, | |
prized water went to private uses: Evans, | |
Excavations in Pompeii: Ibid., 11; “Watering Ancient Rome,” | |
the economics of Roman water supply: J. G. Landels, | |
40 percent of all the water delivered: Evans, | |
pipes running from the main system: Landels, | |
jutting out from the sidewalk: The photograph can be found at Wikimedia, | |
daily water delivered to a Roman household: Evans, | |
Piped delivery of water: Christer Bruun, | |
to draw water illicitly: See Rabun Taylor, | |
fine of 100,000 sesterces: Frontinus, quoting the | |
construction was funded: Deane R. Blackman and Trevor A. Hodge, eds, | |
to cover the costs of system maintenance: Landels, | |
from ninety-one to almost six hundred: Malott, | |
historian Matthew Malott has written: Ibid., 5–6. | |
San Marco church carries an inscription: Paolo Squatriti, | |
collected rainwater in cisterns: Michael C. Finnegan, “New York City’s Watershed Agreement: A Lesson in Sharing Responsibility,” | |
cuts between Chambers and Canal: Charles H. Weidner, | |
“many publique wells enclosed”: As quoted in Gerard T. Koeppel, | |
the well water was so terrible: Koeppel, | |
“the worse this evil will be”: Blake, | |
attractive landscaped gardens: Ibid., 13. | |
“110 hogheads of 130 gallons each”: Ibid., 13–14. | |
how much money could be made: Ibid. | |
to fund the public works: Images reprinted with permission from obsoletecurrency.blogspot.com. | |
fled to escape the contagion: Blake, | |
“the corporation of the city Employ”: Ibid., 3. | |
powers that the Philadelphia City Council: Ibid., 47. | |
Burr is on top and Hamilton: The portraits can be found at Wikimedia, | |
provide free water for fighting fires: Blake, | |
the company would lose its charter: Ibid., 51. | |
“any other monied transactions”: Ibid., 50–51. | |
the bare minimum to maintain its charter: Finnegan, “New York City’s Watershed Agreement,” 589. | |
each additional fireplace: Blake, | |
“linen happily escapes the contamination”: Ibid., 126. | |
“the most outrageous insult”: Ibid., 54. | |
“less good water than the Dutch had bequeathed”: Ibid., 101. | |
a severe cholera epidemic: Ibid., 133. |