Dreamers of a New Day (48 page)

23
  Margaret G. Bondfield, ‘Women as Domestic Workers’, 1919, in ed. Ellen Malos,
The Politics of Housework
, Alison and Busby, London, 1980, p. 87.

24
  Quoted in Buhle,
Women and American Socialism
, p. 87.

25
  Mary Archibald, 1918, quoted in Greenwald, ‘Working-Class Feminism and the Family Wage Ideal’,
Journal of American History
, Vol. 76, No.1, June 1989, p. 136.

26
  Lillie D. White, ‘Housekeeping’,
Lucifer
, 27 January 1893, quoted in Sears,
The Sex Radicals
, p. 246.

27
  White, ‘Housekeeping’,
Lucifer
, 20 January 1893, quoted in ibid.

28
  White, ‘Housekeeping’,
Lucifer
, 27 February 1893, quoted in ibid.

29
  Holmes, ‘The “Unwomanly” Woman’,
Our New Humanity
, Vol. 1, No.3, March 1896, p. 10.

30
  Kate Austin, quoted in Howard S. Miller, ‘Kate Austin: A Feminist-Anarchist on the Farmer’s Last Frontier’,
Nature, Society and Thought
, Vol. 9, No. 2, April 1996, p. 201.

31
  Charlotte Perkins Gilman, ‘What Diantha Did’, quoted in Hayden,
The Grand Domestic Revolution
, p. 196.

32
  Kotsch, ‘The Mother’s Future’,
International Socialist Review
, Vol. X, No. 12, June 1910, p. 1101.

33
  Gilman,
Women and Economics
, p. 343.

34
  Emma Heller Schumm, Speech at Boston Branch of the Walt Whitman Fellowship, 17 March 1901, Helena Born Papers, Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives.

35
  Chen,
‘The Sex Side of Life’
, pp. 20–63; Eileen Boris,
Art and Labor: Ruskin, Morris and the Craftsman Ideal in America
, Temple University Press, Philadelphia, 1986, pp. 32–52.

36
  See Laurence C. Gerckens, ‘Milestones in American City Planning’,
Blueprints
, Vol. X, No. 2, Spring 1992.

37
  Kathleen M. Slack,
Henrietta’s Dream: A Chronicle of the Hampstead Garden Suburb – Varieties and Virtues
, Hampstead Garden Suburb Archive Trust, London, 1997, p. 11; Hollis,
Ladies Elect
, pp. 450–51.

38
  Hollis,
Ladies Elect
, p. 452.

39
  Beard,
Woman’s Work in Municipalities
, pp. 307–8.

40
  Jane Hume Clapperton,
A Vision of the Future – Based on the Application of Ethical Principles
, Swan Sonnenschein, London, 1904, pp. 276–7.

41
  Ibid., pp. 276–8.

42
  Ibid., p. 334.

43
  On Alice Melvin, see Dyhouse,
Feminism and the Family in England
, pp. 118–19.

44
  Sochen,
Movers and Shakers
, pp. 36–41.

45
  Clementina Black,
A New Way of Housekeeping
, W. Collins and Sons, London, 1918, pp. 6–7, 61–75.

46
  Lynn F. Pearson,
The Architectural and Social History of Cooperative Living
, Macmillan, London, 1988, p. 130.

47
  Pearson,
The Architectural and Social History of Cooperative Living
, pp. 110–11.

48
  Maxine S. Seller, ‘Beyond the Stereotype: A New Look at the Immigrant Woman, 1880–1924’, in ed. George F. Pozzetta,
Ethnicity and Gender: The Immigrant Woman
, Garland, New York, 1991, p. 66.

49
  Crystal Eastman, ‘Mother-Worship’, in ed. Cook,
Crystal Eastman
, p. 43; Hayden,
The Grand Domestic Revolution
, pp. 268–74.

50
  Crystal Eastman, ‘Lady Rhondda Contends that Women of Leisure are “Menace”’, in ed. Cook,
Crystal Eastman
, p. 105.

51
  Clementina Black, ‘The Domestic Service Problem’, 1919, quoted in Pearson,
The Architectural and Social History of Cooperative Living
, p. 159.

52
  Ben Jones, quoted in Thomson ,‘“Domestic Drudgery will be a Thing of the Past”’, in ed. Yeo,
New Views of Co-operation
, p. 108. During agitation for a nine-hour day in the early 1870s, the broadside ballad ‘Nine Hours a Day’ had applied the demand to women. Kathy Henderson,
My Song is My Own:
100
Women’s Songs
, Pluto, London, 1979, pp. 128–9.

53
  Tom Mann, ‘Leisure for Workmen’s Wives’,
Halfpenny Short Cuts
, 28 June 1890, p. 163.

54
  Mitchell,
The Hard Way Up
, p. 113.

55
  Ibid., p. 109.

56
  Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, ‘Problems Organizing Women’, 1916, in ed. Rosalyn Fraad Baxandall,
Words on Fire: The Life and Writing of Elizabeth Gurley Flynn
, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey 1987, p. 137.

57
  Sylvia Pankhurst,
Delphos
, 1927, quoted in Harrison,
Prudent Revolutionaries
, p. 221.

58
  Josephine Conger-Kaneko, ‘Does a Woman Support Her Husband’s Employer?’, 1913, in eds. Rosalyn Baxandall and Lindon Gordon,
America’s Working Women: A Documentary History
1600
to Present
, W. W. Norton, New York, 1995, pp. 186–7.

59
  Cicely Hamilton,
Marriage as a Trade
, Chapman and Hall, London, 1912, pp. 92–3, 97.

60
  Crystal Eastman, ‘Now We Can Begin’, 1920, in ed. Cook,
Crystal Eastman
, p. 56.

61
  Ibid.

62
  Mary Alden Hopkins, ‘Fifty-Fifty Wives’,
Woman Citizen
, 7 April 1923, in Hayden,
The Grand Domestic Revolution
, p. 288.

63
  La Follette,
Concerning Women
, p. 194.

64
  Bruère and Bruère,
Increasing Home Efficiency
, p. 290.

65
  Eunice Freeman, quoted in Knupfer,
Toward a Tenderer Humanity
, p. 17.

66
  Lillian M. Gilbreth,
The Home-Maker and Her Job
, D. Appleton and Co., New York, 1927, p. 5.

67
  Martha Moore Trescott, ‘Lillian Moller Gilbreth and the Founding of Modern Industrial Engineering’, in ed. Joan Rothschild,
Machina Ex Dea: Feminist Perspectives on Technology
, Pergamon Press, New York, 1983, p. 23.

68
  Christine Frederick,
The New Housekeeping: Efficiency Studies in Home Management
, Doubleday, Page and Company, New York, 1916, p. 3.

69
  Ibid., pp. xiii–xiv.

70
  Gilbreth,
The Home-Maker and Her Job
, p. 29.

71
  Hazel Hunkins, ‘Keep a Budget’,
Good Housekeeping
, December 1925, in eds Braithwaite and Walsh,
Things My Mother Should Have Told Me
, p. 47.

72
  Lillian Gilbreth, quoted in Davison and Davison,
To Make a House a Home
, p. 105.

73
  Frederick,
The New Housekeeping
, p. 68.

74
  
House Beautiful
, quoted in Davison and Davison,
To Make a House a Home
, p. 76.

75
  Christine Collette,
For Labour and for Women: The Women’s Labour League,
1906–1918, Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1989, pp. 161–2.

76
  Mabel Tuke Priestman, quoted in Gwendolyn Wright,
Building the American Dream: A Social History of Housing in America
, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1981, p. 160.

77
  Mrs Henry Wade Rodgers, quoted in Davison and Davison,
To Make a House a Home
, p. 75.

78
  Frederick,
The New Housekeeping
, pp. xiii–xiv.

79
  Leavitt,
From Catharine Beecher to Martha Stewart
, p. 57.

80
  Hewitt,
Southern Discomfort
, p. 165.

81
  Hayden,
The Grand Domestic Revolution
, p. 274.

82
  Gilman,
The Home
, p. 330.

83
  Quoted in Hayden,
The Grand Domestic Revolution
, p. 276.

7 Consumer Power

1
  Hayden,
The Grand Domestic Revolution
, p. 151.

2
  Pearson,
The Architectural and Social History of Cooperative Living
, p. 58; Angela V. John,
Evelyn Sharp: Rebel Woman,
1869–1955, Manchester University Press, Manchester, 2009, p. 145.

3
  Scott,
Feminism and the Politics of Working Women
, pp. 58–9.

4
  Dyhouse,
Feminism and the Family in England
, p. 122.

5
  Ibid., p. 123.

6
  Crawford,
The Women’s Suffrage Movement
, p. 112.

7
  Ibid., p. 135.

8
  Thomson, ‘“Domestic Drudgery Will be a Thing of the Past”’, in ed. Yeo,
New Views of Co-operation
, pp. 119–20.

9
  Susan Strasser,
Never Done: A History of American Housework
, Pantheon, New York, 1982, p. 113.

10
  Hayden,
The Grand Domestic Revolution
, pp. 267–70.

11
  Frank,
Purchasing Power
, pp. 52–60, 71–2.

12
  Kathleen Waters Sander,
The Business of Charity: The Women’s Exchange Movement
1832–1900, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1998, pp. 86–7.

13
  Julia Dawson,
Why Women Want Socialism
, Clarion Pass On Pamphlet, No. 4, Clarion, London, no date, p. 16.

14
  Herbert Morrison,
Better Times for the Housewife: Labour’s Policy for the Homemaker
(pamphlet), Labour Party, London, 1923, pp. 9–11.

15
  Beard,
Woman’s Work in Municipalities
, pp. 197–206.

16
  Ravetz,
Council Housing and Culture
, p. 28.

17
  Hollis,
Ladies Elect
, pp. 452–3; Gillian Darley,
Villages of Vision: A Study of Strange Utopias
, Five Leaves Publications, Nottingham, 2007, p. 203.

18
  Hollis,
Ladies Elect
, p. 454; see Mary Higgs and Edward E. Hayward,
Where Shall She Live: The Homelessness of the Woman Worker
, P. S. King and Son, London, 1910.

19
  Ravetz,
Council Housing and Culture
, p. 74.

20
  Hunter,
To ’Joy My Freedom
, p. 135.

21
  Maggie Lena Walker, quoted in Elsa Barkley Brown, ‘Womanist Consciousness’, in eds DuBois and Ruiz,
Unequal Sisters
, p. 215.

22
  Ibid., p. 218.

23
  Helen Campbell,
Prisoners of Poverty
, 1887, quoted in Sklar,
Florence Kelley and the Nation’s Work
, p. 145.

24
  Working Women’s Society, quoted in Tax,
The Rising of the Women
, p. 98.

25
  Sklar,
Florence Kelley and the Nation’s Work
, pp. 308–11.

26
  The Label Shop Publicity Committee, ‘Women’s Trade Union League’,
Ladies’ Garment Worker
, Vol. II, No. 3, March 1911, p. 5.

27
  ‘Report and Proceedings of Special Convention, May 1st to May 3rd, 1913’,
Ladies’ Garment Worker
, Vol. IV, No. 6, June 1913, p. 3.

28
  Greenwald, ‘Working-Class Feminism and the Family Wage Ideal’,
Journal of American History
, Vol. 76, No. 1, June 1989, pp. 130–32; Frank,
Purchasing Power
, p. 113.

29
  Clementina Black, ‘London County Council, Special Committee on Contracts. Inquiry into the condition of the Clothing Trade’ in ed. Rodney Mace,
Taking Stock: A Documentary History of the Greater London Council’s Supplies Department
, The Greater London Council, London, 1984, p. 29.

30
  Advertisement, ‘A Remedy for the Sweating System’,
The Syndicalist
, Vol. II, Nos 3–4, March–April 1913, p. 6.