Dreamers of a New Day (43 page)

9
  Deborah McDonald,
Clara Collet,
1860–1948:
An Educated Working Woman
, Woburn Press, London 2004, pp. 45–7; Jean Bethke Elshtain,
Jane Addams and the Dream of American Democracy
, Basic Books, New York, 2002, pp. 74–5.

10
  Patricia Madoo Lengermann and Jill Niebrugge-Brantley,
The Women Founders: Sociology and Social Theory
1830–1930, McGraw-Hill, Boston, 1998, pp. 229–75.

11
  Johanna Alberti,
Eleanor Rathbone
, Sage Publications, London, 1996, pp. 21–9, 68–75.

12
  Sally Alexander, ‘The Fabian Women’s Group 1908–52’ in ed. Sally Alexander,
Becoming a Woman and other Essays in
19
th and
20
th Century Feminist History
, Virago, London, 1994, pp. 149–58.

13
  National Woman’s Alliance, ‘Declaration of Purposes’, quoted in Mari Jo Buhle,
Women and American Socialism
1870–1920, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1983, p. 88.

14
  Buhle,
Women and American Socialism
, pp. 89–103.

15
  Clementina Black, quoted in ed. Ellen Mappen,
Helping Women at Work: The Women’s Industrial Council
1889–1914, Hutchinson and Co., London, 1985, p. 61.

16
  See Barbara Winslow,
Sylvia Pankhurst: Sexual Politics and Political Activism
, St. Martin’s Press, New York, 1996.

17
  Chambers II,
The Tyranny of Change
, pp. 167–8.

18
  See Ellen H. Richards and S. Maria Elliott,
The Chemistry of Cooking and Cleaning: A Manual for Housekeepers
, Home Science Publishing, Boston 1897, pp. 81–3, 137; Dolores Hayden,
The Grand Domestic Revolution: A History of Feminist Designs for American Homes, Neighborhoods and Cities
, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1982, pp. 151–3, 186–7; Kathryn Kish Sklar,
Florence Kelley and the Nation’s Work: The Rise of Women’s Political Culture,
1830–1900, Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, 1995, pp. 141–5, 306–11; Sarah Deutsch,
Women and the City: Gender, Space and Power in Boston,
1870–1940, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000, pp. 182–3.

19
  Stephanie J. Shaw, ‘Black Club Women and the Creation of the National Association of Colored Women’ and Linda Gordon, ‘Black and White Visions of Welfare: Women’s Welfare Activism, 1890–1945’, in eds Darlene Clark Hine, Wilma King, Linda Reed, ‘
We Specialize in the Wholly Impossible’: A Reader in Black Women’s History
, Carlson Publishing, New York, 1995, pp. 433–47, 449–85; Dorothy Sterling,
Black Foremothers: Three Lives
, The Feminist Press, New York, 1988, pp. 83–140.

20
  Frances Ellen Harper quoted in Hazel Carby,
Reconstructing Womanhood: The Emergence of the Afro-American Woman Novelist
, Oxford University Press, New York, 1987, p. 70.

21
  Polly Wynn Allen,
Building Domestic Liberty: Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s Architectural Feminism
, The University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst, 1988, pp. 41–5, 86–121; Ann J. Lane,
To Herland and Beyond: The Life and Work of Charlotte Perkins Gilman
, Pantheon, New York, 1990, pp. 160–4, 297– 299; eds Mary Ann Dimand, Robert W. Dimand, Evelyn L. G. Forget,
Women of Value: Feminist Essays on the History of Women in Economics
, Edward Elgar, Aldershot, 1995, p. 55.

22
  Martin Henry Blatt,
Free Love and Anarchism: The Biography of Ezra Heywood
, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1989, p. 152. See also Hal D. Sears,
The Sex Radicals: Free Love in High Victorian America
, Regents Press of Kansas, Lawrence, 1977, pp. 111, 204–19.

23
  Lucy Bland,
Banishing the Beast: English Feminism and Sexual Morality,
1885–1914, Penguin Books, London, 1995, pp. 159–61.

24
  Pauline Elizabeth Hopkins, quoted in Carby,
Reconstructing Womanhood
, pp. 121–8.

25
  Lucy Delap,
The Feminist Avant-Garde: Transatlantic Encounters of the Early Twentieth Century
, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007, pp. 22–8, 45–6.

26
  Delap,
The Feminist Avant-Garde
, pp. 29–34, 49–52.

27
  Storm Jameson,
Journey From the North
, Vol. 1, Virago, London, 1984, p. 65.

28
  Adeline Champney,
The Woman Question
, Comrade Co-operative Company, New York, 1903, p. 20.

29
  Mary Parker Follett,
The New State: Group Organization, The Solution of Popular Government
, Peter Smith, Gloucester, Massachusetts, 1965, p. 189.

1 Adventures in the Everyday

1
  See Howard S. Miller, ‘Kate Austin: A Feminist-Anarchist on the Farmer’s Last Frontier,
Nature, Society, and Thought
, Vol. 9, No. 2, April 1996, pp. 195–8.

2
  Lizzie M. Holmes (née Swank), quoted in Meredith Tax,
The Rising of the Women: Feminist Solidarity and Class Conflict,
1880–1917, Monthly Review Press, New York, 1980, p. 41.

3
  
Chicago Tribune
, 3 May 1886, quoted in Tax,
The Rising of the Women
, p. 50.

4
  Lizzie M. Holmes (née Swank), ‘Our Memorial Day’,
The Alarm
, 16 June 1888, Vol. 1, No. 14, p. 1.

5
  Lengermann and Niebrugge-Brantley,
The Women Founders
, p. 230.

6
  See Chew,
Ada Nield Chew
, pp. 75–134.

7
  Quoted in G. R. Searle,
A New England? Peace and War,
1886–1918, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 2004, p. 71.

8
  Frances E. Willard, ‘Women and Organization’, Address to the Woman’s National Council of the United States, First Triennial Meeting, 1891, Library of Congress, available online:
http://www.history.ohio-state.edu/projects/prohibition/willard/willard.htm
(accessed 27/05/02).

9
  Mary Church Terrell, ‘The Progress of Colored Women’, Address before the National American Women’s Suffrage Association, 1898, available online:
http://www.gos.sbc.edu/t/terrellmary.htm
(accessed 21/05/02).

10
  Shaw, ‘Black Club Women and the Creation of the National Association of Colored Women’, in eds Hine, King, Reed, ‘
We Specialize in the Wholly Impossible’
, pp. 436–7; Tera W. Hunter,
To ’Joy My Freedom: Southern Black Women’s Lives and Labors After the Civil War
, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1997, pp. 136–7.

11
  Louisa Twining, ‘Workhouse Cruelties’,
The Nineteenth Century
, Vol. XX, July–Dec., 1886, p. 709.

12
  Kate Richards O’Hare, quoted in eds Philip S. Foner and Sally M. Miller,
Kate Richards O’Hare: Selected Writings and Speeches
, Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, 1982, p. 200.

13
  Vida D. Scudder,
Social Ideals in English Letters
, Houghton, Mifflin and Co., 1898, p. 300.

14
  Emily Ford, ‘Reminiscences’ 1880–1910, Ford Family Papers, Mss. 371/3, p. 3, Brotherton Library, University of Leeds.

15
  Ellen Gates Starr to Mary Blaisdell, 23 February, 1889 (?) , Correspondence, Series 2, Box 8, Ellen Gates Starr Papers, Sophia Smith Collection, Smith’s College, Northampton, Mass; Jane Addams,
Twenty Years at Hull House
, Macmillan, New York, 1938, pp. 115–17.

16
  Carol Dyhouse,
No Distinction of Sex? Women in British Universities,
1870–1939, UCL Press, London, 1995, p. 193.

17
  Mrs Havelock Ellis (née Edith Lees), ‘Olive Schreiner and her Relation to the Woman Movement’, mss Havelock Ellis Papers; British Library.

18
  Lizzie Holmes, ‘The “Unwomanly” Woman’,
Our New Humanity
, Vol. 1, No. 3, March 1896, p. 13.

19
  
Commonweal,
16 August 1890; 13 September 1890.

20
  Beatrice Webb (née Potter), August 1885, quoted in Carole Seymour-Jones,
Beatrice Webb: Woman of Conflict
, Pandora, London, 1993, p. 128.

21
  Anzia Yezierska quoted in Annelise Orleck,
Common Sense and a Little Fire: Women and Working Class Politics in the United States,
1900–1965, The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1995, p. 39; on Yezierska see Elaine Showalter,
A Jury of Her Peers: American Women Writers from Anne Bradstreet to Annie Proulx
, Virago, London, 2009, pp. 313–21.

22
  Anna Julia Cooper quoted in Mary Helen Washington, Introduction,
Anna Julia Cooper
,
A Voice from the South
, Oxford University Press, New York, 1988, p. xivii.

23
  Jane Edna Hunter quoted in Shaw, ‘Black Club Women’, p. 438.

24
  Florence Kelley to Friedrich Engels, 1887, quoted in Sklar,
Florence Kelley and the Nation’s Work
, p. 143. See Helen Campbell,
The Problem of the Poor: A Record of Quiet Work in Unquiet Places
, Fords, Howard and Hulbert, New York, 1882.

25
  Beatrice Webb, quoted in Seymour-Jones,
Beatrice Webb
, p. 78.

26
  Virginia Woolf, Introduction, in ed. Margaret Llewelyn Davies,
Life As We Have Known It
, Hogarth Press, London, 1931, p. xxxvi.

27
  Jane Hume Clapperton,
Scientific Meliorism and the Evolution of Happiness
, Kegan Paul Trench and Co., London, 1885, p. 286.

28
  Terrell, ‘The Progress of Colored Women’. Available online:
http://gos.sbc.edu/t/terrellmary.html
(accessed 27/05/02).

29
  Catherine Webb quoted in Alistair Thomson, ‘“Domestic Drudgery will be a Thing of the Past”: Co-operative Women and the Reform of Housework’, in ed. Stephen Yeo,
New Views of Co-operation
, Routledge, London, 1988, p. 123.

30
  Charlotte M. Wilson, ‘What Socialism Is’, Fabian Society, Tract No. 4, June 1886, in ed. Nicolas Walter,
Charlotte Wilson: Anarchist Essays
, Freedom Press, London, 2000, p. 53.

31
  See Sheila Rowbotham,
Edward Carpenter: A Life of Liberty and Love
, Verso, London, 2008.

32
  Helena Born to William Bailie, 1 May 1898, Born Papers, The Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives.

33
  Charlotte Perkins Stetson (Gilman) Diary, 28 September 1896 and Charlotte Perkins Stetson (Gilman) to Houghton Gilman, 4 June 1897, Charlotte Perkins Gilman Papers, Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.

34
  Mary Gawthorpe,
Up Hill to Holloway
, Traversity Press, Penobscot, Maine, 1962, p. 121.

35
  Alison Ravetz,
Council Housing and Culture: The History of a Social Experiment
, Routledge, London, 2001, pp. 29–32; Carolyn Steedman,
Childhood, Culture and Classic Britain: Margaret McMillan,
1860–1921, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersuey, 1990, pp. 47–8; Jill Liddington,
The Life and Times of a Respectable Rebel: Selina Cooper,
1864–1946, Virago, London, 1984, p. 68; Mary A. Hill,
Charlotte Perkins Gilman: The Making of a Radical Feminist,
1860–1896, Temple University Press, Philadelphia, 1980, p. 242.

36
  Scudder,
Social Ideals in English Letters
, p. 219.

37
  Constance M. Chen,
‘The Sex Side of Life’: Mary Ware Dennett’s Pioneering Battle for Birth Control and Sex Education
, The New Press, New York, 1996, p. 22.

38
  Hill,
Charlotte Perkins Gilman
, pp. 264–72.

39
  Lengermann, Niebrugge-Brantley,
The Women Founders
, pp. 75, 242; Sklar,
Florence Kelley
, pp. 100–105; Karen Hunt,
Equivocal Feminists: The Social Democratic Federation and the Woman Question,
1884–1911, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1996, pp. 81–117.

40
  Lengermann, Niebrugge-Brantley,
The Women Founders
, p. 298.

41
  Delap,
The Feminist Avant-Garde
, p. 205.

42
  Maurine Weiner Greenwald, ‘Working-Class Feminism and the Family Wage Ideal: The Seattle Debate on Married Women’s Right to Work, 1914–1920’,
Journal of American History
, Vol. 76, No. 1, June 1989, p. 135.

43
  Sterling,
Black Foremothers
, pp. 90–92. On the Pioneer Club, see Erika Diane Rappaport,
Shopping for Pleasure: Women in the Making of London’s West End
, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2000, p. 96.