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Authors: Candace Savage

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102 Mark Twain,
Following the Equator: A Journey Around the World
(Harford, CT: American Publishing Co., 1897), 355.
104 “The Crow Dance,” from
http://www.lyonsdenbooks.com/html/sorrow3.htm
. . Hurston’s definition of folklore, quoted in John Lahr, “Troubled Waters,”
New Yorker,
Dec. 20 and 27, 2004, 183.
{ FURTHER READING }
PREFACE
SELECTED ONLINE RESOURCES
American Society of Crows and Ravens.
http://www.ascaronline.org
.
Crows.net
: The Language and Culture of Crows.
http://www.crows.net
.
CROWS AS PREDATORS
Boarman, William I.“Reducing Predation by Common Ravens on Desert Tortoises in the Mojave and Colorado Deserts.” U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center, 2002. Available online at
www.werc.usgs.gov/sandiego/pdfs/RavenMgt.pdf
.
Marzluff, John M., and Erik Neatherline.“Corvid Response to Human Settlements and Campgrounds: Causes, Consequences, and Challenges for Conservation.”
Biological Conservation.
Forthcoming.
Neatherlin, Erik A., and John M. Marzluff.“Response of American Crow Populations to Campgrounds in Remote Native Forest Landscapes.”
Journal of Wildlife Management
68 (2004): 708-18.
CHAPTER 1
BASIC REFERENCES
Boardman, William I., and Bernd Heinrich.“Common Raven.”
The Birds of North America
476 (1999): 1-31.
Goodwin, Derek.
Crows of the World.
London: British Museum Press, 1986.
Madge, Steve, and Hilary Burn.
Crows and Jays.
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999.
McGowan, Kevin J. “Fish Crow.”
Birds of North America
589 (2001):1-27.
Snow, D. W., and C. M. Perrins.
The Birds of the Western Palaearctic.
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Verbeek, N. A. M., and R. W. Butler. “Northwestern Crow.”
Birds of North America
407 (1999): 1-21.
Verbeek, N. A. M., and C. Caffrey. “American Crow.”
Birds of North America
647 (2002): 1-35.
CROWS IN MYTH AND LEGEND
Blows, Johanna M.
Eagle and Crow: An Exploration of an Australian Aboriginal Myth.
New York: Garland, 1995.
Goodchild, Peter.
Raven Tales: Traditional Stories of Native Peoples.
Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 1991.
Grimm, Jacob and Wilhelm.
Children’s and Household Tales.
http://grimm.thefreelibrary.com/Fairy-Tales/55-1
.
Nelson, Edward W.“ The Eskimo About Bering Strait.”
Bureau of American Ethnology Annual Report for 1896-97
18 (1899), pt. 1.
“Odin by Micha F. Lindemans.”
http://www.pantheon.org/articles/ o/odin.html
. .
Opie, Iona, and Moira Tatem.
A Dictionary of Superstitions.
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.
“Raven Stories by the Marshall Journalism Class, Spring, 1995.”
http://www.ankn.uaf.edu/Marshall/raven/index.html
.
Ross, Anne.
Pagan Celtic Britain: Studies in Iconography and Tradition.
London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1967.
“Tlingit Myths and Text Index.”
http://www.sacred-texts.com/nam/nw/tmt/
.
“Valkyries, Wish-Maidens, and Swan Maids.”
http://www.vikinganswerlady.com/valkyrie.htm
.
AVIAN EVOLUTION
Chatterjee, Sankar.
The Rise of Birds: 225 Million Years of Evolution.
Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.
Feduccia, Alan.
The Origin and Evolution of Birds.
New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000.
Padian, Kevin, and Luis M. Chiappe.“ The Origin and Early Evolution of Birds.”
Biological Review
73 (1998): 1-42.
———.“ The Origin of Birds and Their Flight.”
Scientific American
278 (1998), no. 2: 38-47.
TOOL USE BY CROWS
Caffrey, Carolee.“ Tool Modification and Use by an American Crow.”
Wilson Bulletin
112 (2000): 283-84.
———.“Goal-directed Use of Objects by American Crows.”
Wilson Bulletin
113 (2001): 114-15.
Chappell, Jackie, and Alex Kacelnik.“ Tool Selectivity in a Non-primate, the New Caledonian Crow (
Corvus moneduloides
)”
Animal Cognition
5 (2002): 71-78.
———.“Selection of Tool Diameter by New Caledonian Crows,
Corvus moneduloides.
”
Animal Cognition
7 (2004): 121-27.
Cockburn, Andrew.“Evolution of Helping Behavior in Cooperatively Breeding Birds.”
Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
29 (1998): 141-77.
Cristol, Daniel A.,Paul V. Switzer, Kara L. Johnson, and Leah S. Walke.“Crows Do Not Use Automobiles as Nutcrackers: Putting an Anecdote to the Test.”
Auk
114 (1997): 296-98.
Emlen, Stephen T.“Evolution of Cooperative Breeding in Birds and Mammals.” In
Behavioural Ecology: An Evolutionary Approach,
edited by J.R. Krebs and M.B. Davies, 301-35. Boston: Blackwell Scientific, 1991.
Hunt, Gavin R.“Manufacture and Use of Hook-tools by New Caledonain Crows.”
Nature
379 (1996): 249-51.
———.“Human-like Population-Level Specialization in the Manufacture of Pandanus Tools by New Caledonian Crows
Corvus moneduloides.
”
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London,
B 267 (2000): 403-13. See also Hunt’s website at:
http://www.psych.auckland.ac.nz/psych/research/Evolution/Gavin.htm
.
Hunt, Gavin R., and Russell D. Gray.“Species-wide Manufacture of Stick-Type Tools by New Caledonian Crows.”
Emu
102 (2002): 349-53.
———.“Diversification and Cumulative Evolution in New Caledonian Crow Tool Manufacture.”
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London,
B 270 (2003): 867-74.
———.“Direct Observations of Pandanus-Tool Manufacture and Use by a New Caledonian Crow (
Corvus moneduloides
).
Animal Cognition
7 (2004): 114-20.
Hunt, Gavin R., Michael D. Corballis, and Russell D. Gray.“Laterality in Tool Manufacture by Crows.”
Nature
414 (2002): 707.
Hunt, Gavin R., Fumio Sakuma, and Yoshihide Shibata. “New Caledonian Crows Drop Candle-Nuts onto Rock from Communally-Used Forks on Branches.”
Emu
102 (2002): 283-90.
Kenward, Benjamin, Alex A.S. Weir, Christian Rutz, and Alex Kacelnik.“ Tool Manufacture by Naive Juvenile Crows.”
Nature
433 (2005): 121.
Kenward, Benjamin, Christian Rutz, Alex A.S. Weir, Jackie Chappell, and Alex Kacelnik.“Morphology and Sexual Dimorphism of the New Caledonian Crow
Corvus moneduloides,
With Notes on Its Behaviour and Ecology.”
Ibis
146 (2004): 652-660. Available online at
users.ox.ac.uk/~kgroup/morphology.pd
.
Lefebvre, Louis, Nektaria Nicolakakis, and Denis Boire. “Tools and Brains in Birds.”
Behaviour
139 (2002): 939-73.
Nihei, Yoshiaki.“Variations of Behaviour of Carrion Crows
Corvus corone
Using Automobiles as Nutcrackers.”
Japanese Journal of Ornithology
44 (1995): 21-35.
Pain, Stephanie.“Look, No Hands!”
New Scientist
175 (2002): 44-47.
Rutledge, Robb, and Gavin R. Hunt.“Lateralized Tool Use in Wild New Caledonian Crows.”
Animal Behaviour
7 (2004): 327-32.
Weir, Alex A.A., Jackie Chappell, and Alex Kacelnik. “Shaping of Hooks in New Caledonian Crows.”
Science
297 (August 9, 2002): 981. Betty can be seen in action in a video at
http://users.ox.ac.uk/%7Ekgroup/tools/tools_main.html
.
CHAPTER 2
EVOLUTION OF INTELLIGENCE
Burish, Mark. J., Hao Yuan Kueh, and Samuel S.-H. Wang.“Brain Architecture and Social Complexity in Modern and Ancient Birds.”
Brain, Behavior and Evolution
63 (2004): 107-24.
Dennett, Daniel C.
Kinds of Minds: Towards an Understanding of Consciousness.
New York: Basic Books, 1996.
Emery, Nathan J.“Are Corvids ‘Feathered Apes’? Cognitive Evolution in Crows, Jays, Rooks and Jackdaws.” In
Comparative Analysis of Minds,
edited by S. Watanabe. Tokyo: Keiko University Press. Forthcoming. Available online at
www.zoo.cam.ac.uk/zoostaff/madingley/library/member_papers/nemery/ feathered_apes.pdf
.
———, and Nicola S. Clayton. “The Mentality of Crows: Convergent Evolution of Intelligence in Corvids and Apes.”
Science
306 (December 10, 2004): 1903-1907.
Kacelnik, Alex, Jackie Chappell, Ben Kenward, and Alex A.S. Weir. “Cognitive Adaptations for Tool-Related Behaviour in New Caledonian Crows.” Forthcoming. Available online at
http://www.cogsci.msu.edu/DSS/2004-2005/Kacelnik/Kacelnik_etal_Crows.pdf
.
COOPERATIVE BREEDING
Baglione, Vittorio. “History, Environment and Social Behaviour: Experimentally Induced Cooperative Breeding in the Carrion Crow.”
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London,
B 269 (2002): 1247-1251.
Baglione, Vittorio, Daniela Canestrari, Jose M. Marcos, and Jan Ekman.“Kin Selection in Cooperative Alliances of Carrion Crows.”
Science
300 (2003): 1947-49.
Baglione, Vittorio, Jose M. Marcos, and Daniela Canestrari.“Cooperatively Breeding Groups of Carrion Crow (
Corvus corone corone
) in Northern Spain.”
Auk
119 (2002): 790-99.
Baglione, Vittorio, Jose M. Marcos, Daniela Canestrari, and Jan Ekman.“Direct Fitness Benefits of Group Living in a Complex Cooperative Society of Carrion Crows,
Corvus corone corone.
”
Animal Behaviour
64 (2002): 887-93.
Caffrey, Carolee.“Female-Biased Delayed Dispersal and Helping in American Crows.”
Auk
109 (1992): 609-19.
———.“Feeding Rates and Individual Contributions to Feeding at Nests in Cooperatively Breeding Western American Crows.”
Auk
116 (1999): 836-41.
———.“Correlates of Reproductive Success in Cooperatively Breeding Western American Crows: If Helpers Help.”
Condor
102 (2000): 333-41.
———.“Catching Crows.”
North American Bird Bander
26 (October-December, 2001), no. 4: 137-50.
Canestrari, Daniela, Jose M. Marcos, and Vittorio Baglione.“False Feedings at the Nests of Carrion Crows,
Corvus corone.
”
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
55 (2004): 477-83.
Ignatiuk, Jordan B., and Robert G. Clark.“Breeding Biology of American Crows in Saskatchewan Parkland Habitat.”
Canadian Journal of Zoology
69 (1991): 168-75.
Kevin J. McGowan’s website.“So, You Want to Know More About Crows?”
http://birds.cornell.edu/crows/crowinfo.htm
.
Richner, Heinz.“Helpers-at-the-Nest In Carrion Crows
Corvus corone corone.
”
Ibis
132 (1990): 105-108.
Verbeek, Nicolaas A.M., and Robert W. Butler.“Cooperative Breeding of the Northwestern Crow
Corvus caurinus
in British Columbia.”
Ibis
123 (1981): 183-89.
CHAPTER 3
RAVEN ROOSTS AND RECRUITMENT
Engel, Kathleen A., Leonard S. Young, Karen Steenhof, Jerry A. Roppe, and Michael N. Kochert.“Communal Roosting of Common Ravens in Southwestern Idaho.”
Wilson Bulletin
104 (1992): 105-21.
Heinrich, Bernd.“Winter Foraging at Carcasses by Three Sympatric Corvids, with Emphasis on Recruitment by the Raven,
Corvus corax.
”
Behaviour, Ecology and Sociobiology
23 (1988): 141-56.
———.
Ravens in Winter.
New York: Summit, 1989.
Heinrich, Bernd, John M. Marzluff, and Colleen S. Marzluff. “Common Ravens Are Attracted by Appeasement Calls of Food Discoverers When Attacked.”
Auk
110 (1993): 247-54.
Marzluff, John M., Bernd Heinrich, and Colleen S. Marzluff. “Raven Roosts Are Mobile Information Centres.”
Animal Behaviour
51 (1996): 89-103.
Parker, Patricia G., Thomas A. Waite, Bernd Heinrich, and John M. Marzluff.“Do Common Ravens Share Ephemeral Food Resources with Kin? DNA Fingerprinting Evidence.”
Animal Behaviour
48 (1994): 1085-93.
Stahler, Daniel.“Interspecific Interactions Between the Common Raven
(Corvus corax)
and the Gray Wolf
(Canis Lupus)
in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming: Investigations of a Predator and Scavenger Relationship.” Master’s thesis, University of Vermont, 2000.
Stahler, Daniel, Bernd Heinrich, and Douglas Smith. “Common ravens,
Corvus corax,
Preferentially Associate with Grey Wolves,
Canis lupus,
as a Foraging Strategy in Winter.”
Behaviour
64 (2002): 283-90.
RAVEN CACHING AND COGNITION
Bugnyar, Thomas, and Kurt Kotrschal.“Observation Learning and the Raiding of Food Caches in Ravens,
Corvus corax:
Is It ‘Tactical’ Deception?”
Animal Behaviour
64 (2002): 185-95.
———.“Leading a Conspecific Away From Food in Ravens (
Corvus corax
)?”
Animal Cognition
7 (2004): 69-76.
Bugnyar, Thomas, Maartje Kijne, and Kurt Kotrschal. “Food Calling in Ravens: Are Yells Referential Signals?”
Animal Behaviour
61 (2001): 949-58.
Bugnyar, Thomas, Mareike Stowe, and Bernd Heinrich. “Ravens,
Corvus corax,
Follow Gaze Direction of Humans Around Obstacles.”
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London,
B 271 (2004): 1331-36.
Fritz, Johannes, and Kurt Kotrschal.“Social Learning in Common Ravens.”
Animal Behaviour
57 (1991): 785-93.

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