Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (364 page)

Scandinavian name for the heavy cargo ships used by merchants and by the settlers of the Atlantic islands.

 
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See also
BACKED BLADE
.

 
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Style of medieval jug with a tubular spout and representations of horses and knights decorating the body, dating to the 14th century
ad
and later in Europe.

 
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A phase of the British early Bronze Age spanning the period 1400–1200 bc which was defined by Colin Burgess in the late 1970s. Coming immediately after the
BEDD BRANWEN PERIOD
and the later part of the
WESSEX CULTURE
little remained of the tradition of prestigious burial and complex ritual which had existed for thousands of years.
DEVEREL–RIMBURY
ceramics dominate during the period, flat cremation cemeteries being the norm. Regional styles including the Ardleigh Urns in East Anglia and Trevisker Urns in Cornwall represent local variations. In metalworking the period coincides with the end of the
ACTON PARK PHASE
and the beginning of the
TAUNTON PHASE
which connects British metalwork into the wider European scene far more securely. The Knighton Heath period is succeeded by the
PENARD PERIOD
.

 
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The Hospital of St John of Jerusalem was founded in the late 11th century, originally to care for pilgrims to Jerusalem. The calling of the brothers was principally to care for the sick, but as time went on the emphasis shifted to a military role: that of fighting for the faith. In ad 1187 the knights were driven out of Jerusalem by Saladin and moved to Acre and then Cyprus. They retreated further to Rhodes in 1308, absorbing the
KNIGHTS TEMPLAR
in 1312. In 1522 the knights were expelled from Rhodes by the Turks and sought a new base to continue their fight for Christendom. Charles V of Spain gave them Malta and in ad 1530 they settled there, drawing on the wealth generated by properties all over Europe. The knights became more and more of an anachronism and surrendered without a blow when faced by the revolutionary fervour of the French in ad 1798.

 
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An international military order, originally founded to protect pilgrims after the recapture of Jerusalem in ad 1099. After scandals in 1307–8 the Knights Templar were severely constrained and in 1312 all their possessions were passed to the Knights Hospitallers.

 
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