Bold (43 page)

20
 Carolyn Johnson, “Thorny research problems, solved by crowdsourcing,”
Boston Globe
, February 11, 2013,
http://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2013/02/11crowdsourcing-innovation-harvard-study-suggests-prizes-can-spur-scientific-problem-solving/JxDkOkuIKboRjWAoJpM0OK/story.html
.

21
 AI with Narinder Singh, 2014.

22
 AI with Chris Anderson, 2013.

23
 Richard Millington, “7 Contrary Truths About Online Communities,”
Feverbee.com
, September 22, 2010,
http://www.feverbee.com/2010/09/7truths.html
.

24
 AI with Jono Bacon, 2014.

25
 Jolie O'Dell, “10 Fresh Tips for Community Managers,”
Mashable
, April 13, 2010,
http://mashable.com/2010/04/13/community-manager-tips/
.

26
 Seth Godin, “Why You Need to Lead A Tribe,”
Mixergy.com
, January 13, 2009,
http://mixergy.com/interviews/tribes-seth/
.

27
 AI with Better Blocks founder Jason Roberts, 2014. Also see his pretty amazing TEDx Talk: TEDxOU—Jason Roberts—How to Build a Better Block,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ntwqVDzdqAU
.

1
 Charles Lindbergh,
The Spirit of St. Louis
(New York: Scribner, 1953).

2
 Stephen Schaber, “Why Napoleon Offered a Prize for Inventing Canned Food,”
NPR
,
March 5, 2012,
http://www.npr.org/blogs/money/2012/03/01/147751097/why-napoleon-offered-a-prize-for-inventing-canned-food
.

3
 Knowledge Ecology International, “Selected Innovation Prizes and Reward Programs,”
KEI Research Note
2008:1
,
http://keionline.org/misc-docs/research_notes/kei_rn_2008_1.pdf
.

4
 All Marcus Shingles quotes come from an AI conducted 2014.

5
 Burt Rutan, “The real future of space exploration,” TED, February 2006,
https://www.ted.com/talks/burt_rutan_sees_the_future_of_space
.

6
 Statista, “Statistics and facts on Sports Sponsorship,”
Sports sponsorship Statista Dossier 2013
, March 2013.

7
 Alice Roberts, “A true sea shanty: the story behind the Longitude prize,”
The Observer
, May 17, 2014,
http://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/may/18/true-sea-shanty-story-behind-longitude-prize-john-harrison
.

8
 See
http://www.interculturalstudies.org/faq.html#quote
.

9
 Dan Heath and Chip Heath, “Get Back in the Box: How Constraints Can Free Your Team's Thinking,”
Fast Company
, December 1, 2007,
http://www.fastcompany.com/61175/get-back-box
.

10
 For all things LunarX, see
http://www.googlelunarxprize.org
.

11
 Campbell Robertson and Clifford Krauss, “Gulf Spill Is the Largest of Its Kind, Scientists Say,”
New York Times
, August 2, 2010,
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/03/us/03spill.html?_r=0
.

12
 See
http://www.iprizecleanoceans.org
.

13
 Special thanks to Cristin Dorgelo, then head of this XPRIZE, who spent her summer on the hot and humid Jersey Shore overseeing the judging and operations.

14
 See
http://www.qualcommtricorderxprize.org
.

15
 Kate Greene, “The $1 Million Netflix Challenge,”
MIT Technology Review
, October 6, 2006,
http://www.technologyreview.com/news/406637/the-1-million-netflix-challenge/
.

16
 Jordan Ellenberg, “This Psychologist Might Outsmart the Math Brains Competing for the Netflix Prize,”
Wired
, February 25, 2008,
http://archive.wired.com/techbiz/media/magazine/16-03/mf_netflix?currentPage=all
.

17
 Ibid.

18
 See
https://herox.com
.

19
 Special recognition to Emily Fowler, who helped to found HeroX and transitioned from XPRIZE employment to VP of Possibilities at HeroX.

20
 AI with Graham Weston, 2014.

21
 “Geekdom and HeroX Launch San Antonio Entrepreneurial Exchange Challenge with $500,000 Prize,”
Reuters
, January 16, 2014,
http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/01/16/idUSnMKWN1dCba+1e4+MKW20140116
.

22
 Vivek Wadhwa, “The powerful role of incentive competitions to spur innovation,”
Washington Post
, May 21, 2014,
http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/innovations/wp/2014/05/21/the-powerful-role-of-incentive-competitions-to-spur-innovation/
.

23
 Paul Wahl, “The Winner,”
Popular Science
, January 1958.

24
 Richard P. Feynman, “Plenty of Room at the Bottom,” California Institute of Technology, December 1959. For full transcript of the lecture, see
http://www.its.caltech.edu/~feynman/plenty.html
.

25
 Richard E. Smalley, “Dr. Feynman's Small Idea,”
Innovation
5, no. 5 (October/November 2007),
http://www.innovation-america.org/dr-feynmans-small-idea
.

26
 AI with Shingles.

27
 For arguably the best bit of writing on the adjacent possible, see Steven Johnson, “The Genius of the Tinkerer,”
Wall Street Journal
, September 25, 2010,
http://online.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703989304575503730101860838
. Also see “The Adjacent Possible: A Talk with Stuart A. Kauffman,”
Edge.org
, November 9, 2003,
http://edge.org/conversation/the-adjacent-possible
.

A note about the index:
The pages referenced in this index refer to the page numbers in the print edition. Clicking on a page number will take you to the ebook location that corresponds to the beginning of that page in the print edition. For a comprehensive list of locations of any word or phrase, use your reading system's search function.

Italic numbers refer to charts/graphs

Aabar,
127

Abundance
(Diamandis and Kotler),
xi
–xii,
xv
,
34
,
54
,
136
,
137
,
146
,
162
,
274

AbundanceHub.com
,
158
,
162
,
210
,
277

Abundance360Summit,
278

Academy of Achievement,
129

activists,
xiii
,
180

in crowdfunding campaigns,
201
–3,
212
,
230

additive manufacturing,
30
,
31
,
33
,
41

AdhereTech,
47

AdSense,
139

Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET),
27

advertising,
241
,
242

in crowdfunding campaigns,
212
–13

crowdsourcing platforms for,
151
,
152
–54,
158

advocates, in crowdfunding campaigns,
200
–201,
205

AdWords,
241

aerospace industry,
112
,
117
,
133

skunk methodology used in,
71
–73,
75

3–D printing and,
34
,
35
–37

see also
space exploration

affiliate marketing,
199
–200,
205

Ahn, Luis von,
154
,
155
–56

Airbnb,
20
,
21
,
66

Airbus,
249

airlines,
43
,
124
,
125
,
126
,
127
,
260

AI XPRIZE,
54

algorithms,
43
,
51
,
52
,
66
,
85
,
220
,
227

crowdsourcing projects and,
158
,
159
,
160
,
161
,
227

machine-learning,
54
–55,
55
,
58

Netflix Prize for,
254
–56

PageRank,
135

Align Technology,
34
–35

Amazon,
50
,
76
,
97
,
128
,
129
–34,
157
,
195
,
254

drone proposal of,
61
,
133
–34

Amazon Web Services,
131
,
132

America Online (AOL),
76
,
143

Anderson, Chris,
10
–11,
54
,
123
,
224
,
229
,
242

Anderson, Eric,
95
,
96
,
97
,
98
,
99
,
100
,
179
,
202
,
203
–4

Andraka, Jack,
65

Andreessen, Marc,
27
,
33

Android,
16
,
135
,
176

AngelList,
172
,
173
–74

Anheuser-Busch,
145

Ansari XPRIZE,
76
,
96
,
115
,
127
,
134
,
246
,
248
–49,
253
,
260
,
261
,
262
,
263
,
264
,
265
,
266
,
267
,
268

anti-aging projects,
66
,
81
,
136
,
139

Apollo Program,
96
,
100
,
118
,
139

Appert, Nicolas,
245

Appirio,
227
–28

Apple,
18
,
28
,
62
,
72
,
111
,
128

applications (apps),
13
,
13
,
15
,
16
,
28
,
45
,
47
,
150
,
158
,
176

Arduino,
43

ARKYD Space Telescope campaign,
172
,
174
–75,
179
–80,
186
,
187
,
188
,
193
,
195
,
207
,
209
,
242

early donor engagement in,
203
–5

hype created in,
205

launch of,
200
,
208

recruiting of activists in,
201
–3,
212

”space selfie” reward offered in,
180
,
189
–90,
196
,
208

Arnaout, Ramy,
227

artificial intelligence (AI),
x
,
22
,
24
,
41
,
44
,
52
–59,
61
,
62
,
63
,
66
,
81
,
135
,
146
,
160
,
162
,
216
,
228
,
275
,
276
,
295
n

crowdsourcing projects and,
167
,
295
n

entrepreneurial opportunities in,
54
,
56
–59

Google's development of,
24
,
53
,
58
,
81
,
138
–39

Association of Space Explorers,
102

asteroids,
ix
–x,
180
,
228
–29

mining of,
95
–96,
97
–99,
107
,
109
,
179
,
221
,
276

Asteroid Zoo,
228

astronomy,
219
–21,
228
,
247
,
267

Autodesk,
48
–49,
51
,
63
,
65

automation,
47
–48,
56

automobile industry,
29
,
222
–23

3–D printing in,
32

see also
Local Motors; Tesla Motors

autonomous cars,
43
–44,
44
,
48
,
62
,
66
,
135
,
136
,
137
,
262

autonomy,
79
,
80
,
85
,
87
,
92

Babson School of Business,
14

BackRub (research project),
135

Bacon, Jono,
237

Bad Girl Ventures,
19

bake-offs, in incentive competitions,
264

Barnett, Chance,
173

Barrie, Matt,
149
–50,
158
,
163
,
165
,
166
,
167
,
207

Barry, Dan,
35
,
61
,
62

Bass, Carl,
48
–49,
50
,
51

Baxter (robot),
60
–61

Beland, Francis,
250

Bennett, Jim,
255

Berns, Gregory,
108

Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (Boston),
227