Blood Brothers (52 page)

7
.
NYT
, March 29, 1964.

8
.
NYT
, February 29, 1964, and March 7, 1964; Shelby Sankore, “Letter to Muhammad Ali,”
Liberator
, May 1964, 6;
LAS
, March 12, 1964, and March 26, 1964;
CD
, March 12, 1964.

9
. Remnick,
King of the World,
228.

10
.
NYHT
, March 8, 1964; Floyd Patterson with Milton Gross, “I Want to Destroy Clay,”
SI
, October 19, 1964, 43–44.

11
.
NYT
, March 22, 1964; Patterson with Gross, “I Want to Destroy Clay,” 43–44.

12
. “Playboy Interview: Cassius Clay,”
Playboy
, October 1964, 192;
LCJ
, March 9, 1964;
NYT
, March 23, 1964.

13
. Little,
American Orientalism
, 9–33.

14
.
LAT
, March 12, 1964.

15
.
NYAN
, March 14, 1964.

16
. Remnick,
King of the World
, 212.

17
. “Playboy Interview: Cassius Clay,” 190.

18
.
NYT
, March 9, 1964;
NYP
, March 9, 1964.

19
.
NYT
, March 9, 1964.

20
. Ibid
.

21
. Muhammad,
Message to the Blackman in America
, 255–257.

22
. FBIMX-10.

23
. FBIEM-8.

24
. Branch,
Pillar of Fire
, 256.

25
. Evanzz,
The Judas Factor
, 215.

26
.
NYJA
, March 10, 1964.

27
.
NYP
, March 10, 1964.

28
. Branch,
Pillar of Fire
, 256.

29
. Allan Morrison, “Who Killed Malcolm X?,”
Ebony
, October 1965, 136.

30
. Goldman,
The Death and Life
, 133; “Why Malcolm X Quit the Black Muslims,”
Sepia
, May 1964, 58; “Malcolm's Brand X,”
Newsweek
, March 23, 1964, 32.

31
.
NYJA
, March 12, 1964; “Malcolm's Brand X,” 32.

32
.
NYHT
, March 13, 1964;
NYT
, March 15, 1964.

33
. Joseph,
Dark Days, Bright Nights
, 78;
CD
, March 14, 1964; “Boxing's Feet of Clay,”
SEP
, April 18, 1964, 86; “The Pied Piper of Harlem,”
Christian Century
, April 1, 1964, 422; Gertrude Samuels, “Feud Within the Black Muslims,”
NYTM
, March 22, 1964, 105.

34
.
NYT
, March 15, 1964; “Malcolm X: Self-Defense vs. Submission,”
Liberator
, April 1964, 3; “Why Malcolm X Quit the Black Muslims,” 58; Carlos E. Russell, “Exclusive Interview with Brother Malcolm X,”
Liberator
, May 1964, 16.

35
.
NYHT
, March 22, 1964; Goldman,
The Death and Life
, 13.

36
.
NYHT
, March 22, 1964.

37
.
CA
, March 14, 1964;
NYJA
, March 14, 1964.

38
.
CA
, March 14, 1964;
MS
, April 10, 1964, and April 24, 1964.

39
. Mark Kram, “On the Throne Behind the Power,”
SI
, September 27, 1976, n.p.

40
. Hauser,
Muhammad Ali
, 377.

41
. Robert H. Boyle, “Champ in the Jug?,”
SI
, April 10, 1967, n.p.;
CD
, October 13, 1962, and October 20, 1962.

42
. FBIHM, Summary Report, Chicago Office, January 18, 1966.

43
.
NYT
, March 21, 1964, and March 22, 1964.

44
.
NYJA
, March 20, 1964.

45
.
NYJA
, March 21, 1964.

46
.
NYT
, March 21, 1964, and April 3, 1964; Mrs. Edward Monahan to the President, March 19, 1964 (letter in authors' possession).

47
. Olsen,
Black Is Best
, 22–23.

48
. Bingham and Wallace,
Muhammad Ali's Greatest Fight
, 98–99.

49
. Lipsyte,
SportsWorld
, 89.

50
. Ibid.;
NYT
, March 24, 1964; Bobbie E. Barbee, “Will Link with Malcolm X Harm Clay's Career?,”
Jet
, March 26, 1964, 50; Helen Dudar, “The Muslims and Black Nationalism,”
New York Post Magazine
, April 10, 1964, 1.

51
. On March 22, 1964, the WBA announced that it intended to vacate Clay's heavyweight title. On that same day, an unknown newswoman asked Malcolm if he would help Cassius respond to the WBA's threat. Malcolm replied that they had met earlier that day, but he clearly knew very little about the WBA's most recent announcement. For Malcolm's interview, see “Malcolm X on Black Nationalism & Cassius Clay,” YouTube,
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LoyrSO9Ko08
.

52
.
PC
, March 21, 1964; Barbee, “Will Link with Malcolm X Harm Clay's Career?,” 52.

53
.
NYT
, March 23, 1964; DeCaro,
On the Side of My People
, 199.

54
. Unless otherwise cited, all quotes from Malcolm's speech come from Malcolm X, “The Ballot or the Bullet,” in
Malcolm X Speaks: Selected Speeches and Statements
, ed. George Breitman (New York: First Grove, 1990), 23–44.

55
. Joseph,
Waiting
'
Til the Midnight Hour
, 102.

56
. Robert Lipsyte, “Cassius Clay, Cassius X, Muhammad Ali,”
NYTM
, October 25, 1964, 29.

Chapter 15

1
. “Muhammad Ali in Africa,”
SI
, June 1, 1964, 20;
NYT
, May 17, 1964;
GT
, May 18, 1964;
DG
, May 21, 1964, and May 22, 1964.

2
.
GT
, May 18, 1964.

3
. “Muhammad Ali in Africa,” 25;
MS
, June 19, 1964;
GT
, May 20, 1964.

4
. “Sunrise on the Gold Coast,”
Time
, February 9, 1953, 22–23.

5
. Myron Cope, “Feats of Clay,” in
Great Sports Reporting,
ed. Allen Kirschner (New York: Dell, 1969), 163.

6
.
DG
, May 20, 1964.

7
.
MS
, April 24, 1964, and May 22, 1964;
NYHT
, May 7, 1964.

8
. Essien-Udom,
Black Nationalism
, 275; Clegg,
An Original Man
, 135–144.

9
. Clegg,
An Original Man
, 239–241; Sales,
From Civil Rights to Black Liberation
, 63.

10
. Marqusee,
Redemption Song
, 124; “Muhammad Ali (Cassius Clay) Visits Africa,”
Sepia
, November 1964, 10;
MS
, May 8, 1964.

11
.
NYT
, May 18, 1964.

12
. Sam Pollard and Judy Richardson interview with Muhammad Ali, February 16, 1989, EYES.

13
. Hauser,
Muhammad Ali
, 112.

14
. Boyd and Al-Shabazz,
The Diary of Malcolm X
, 46.

15
. Ibid., 14, 37;
AMX
, 374.

16
. Boyd and Al-Shabazz,
The Diary of Malcolm X
, 14, 35–36.

17
. Ibid., 10; Marable,
Malcolm X
, 165–168.

18
.
AMX
, 369;
NYT
, May 8, 1964;
CD
, May 14, 1964.

19
. Goldman,
The Death and Life
, 171–172.

20
. Gaines,
American Africans in Ghana
, 164–168.

21
. Alice Windom to “Christine,” May 29, 1964, Box 24, Folder 33, John Henrik Clarke Papers, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York; Angelou,
All God's Children Need Traveling Shoes
, 128–130; Gaines,
American Africans in Ghana
, 180.

22
. Goldman,
The Death and Life
, 173.

23
.
AMX
, 376; Malcolm X, letter from Accra, Ghana, May 11, 1964, in
Malcolm X Speaks: Selected Speeches and Statements
, ed. George Breitman (New York: First Grove, 1990), 62;
DG
, May 13, 1964; Accra Embassy to Department of State, May 24, 1964, Record Group 59, Central Foreign Policy File, 1964–1966, POL 6 US, National Archives, College Park, Maryland.

24
. Dudziak,
Cold War Civil Rights
, 169–170, 192.

25
. Muehlenbeck,
Betting on the Africans
, 73, 78–79; Henry Tanner, “Nkrumah Steps Up Nkrumahism,”
NYTM
, January 14, 1962, 23.

26
. Muehlenbeck,
Betting on the Africans
, 73, 77, 90–92; Lloyd Garrison, “Portrait of Nkrumah as Dictator,”
NYTM
, May 3, 1963, 17–18; Gaines,
American Africans in Ghana
, 164–165,
177, 188–90; “Ghana: Fighting Fantasy,”
Newsweek
, February 17, 1964, 54;
NYT
, February 5, 1964, February 6, 1964, and May 1, 1964.

27
. “Ghana and the USA,”
West Africa
, May 9, 1964, 529; Gaines,
American Africans in Ghana
, 190, 194; Accra Embassy to Department of State, May 24, 1964;
NYT
, May 21, 1964.

28
. Gaines,
American Africans in Ghana
, 194; Strickland,
Malcolm X
, 104.

29
.
AMX
, 389; Boyd and Al-Shabazz,
The Diary of Malcolm X
, 52; Goldman,
The Death and Life
, 177.

30
. Accra Embassy to Department of State, May 24, 1964.

31
. Malcolm X, letter from Accra, Ghana, May 11, 1964, in
Malcolm X Speaks: Selected Speeches and Statements
, ed. George Breitman (New York: First Grove, 1990), 62; Malcolm X, “We Are All Blood Brothers,”
Liberator
, July 1964, 6.

32
. Unless otherwise cited, this section is drawn from Angelou,
All God's Children Need Traveling Shoes
, 143–144;
AMX
, 391–392.

33
.
NYT
, May 18, 1964.

34
. Ibid.

35
. Ibid.

36
. “Champ's African ‘Love Affair,'”
Ebony
, September 1964, 92;
NYT
, May 19, 1964;
DT
, May 26, 1964.

37
.
DG
, May 19, 1964;
GT
, May 19, 1964, and May 20, 1964; Early,
This Is Where I Came In
, 14.

38
.
NYT
, May 19, 1964; Joint State Department/USIA Message, June 3, 1964, Record Group 59, Central Files, 1964–1966, TRV–Clay, Cassius, National Archives, College Park, Maryland
; MS
, May 22, 1964. For the history of black athletes as global ambassadors, see Thomas,
Globetrotting
.

39
.
NYT
, May 20, 1964.

40
. Ibid.

41
. “Champ's African ‘Love Affair,'” 85;
GT
, May 23, 1964;
MS
, June 19, 1964;
DG
, May 21, 1964, and May 22, 1964.

42
.
DG
, May 20, 1964;
NYT
, May 24, 1964, and May 25, 1964;
MS
, June 19, 1964; “Muhammad Ali in Africa,” 24.

43
.
NYT
, June 4, 1964;
DT
, June 2, 1964.

44
.
BG
, June 3, 1964;
NYT
, June 3, 1964.

45
. For the Ali-Bassey exchange, see
NYT
, June 3, 1964.

46
.
NYT
, June 4, 1964.

47
.
CT
, June 25, 1964;
BG
, June 3, 1964;
DT
, June 8, 1964.

48
.
CT
, March 1, 1964;
MS
, April 24, 1964; AP, February 29, 1964; From Cairo Embassy to Sec. of State, March 9, 1964, Record Group 59, Central Files, 1964–1966, TRV–Clay, Cassius;
NYT
, June 15, 1964; From Cairo Embassy to Department of State, April 25, 1964, Record Group 50, Central Files, 1964–1966, POL 13–10 US, National Archives, College Park, Maryland.

49
. AP, June 4, 1964;
BG
, June 4, 1964; “Champ's African ‘Love Affair,'” 88.

50
. “Champ's African ‘Love Affair,'” 90;
MS
, July 3, 1964.

51
. “Boxing's ‘King' in Cairo,”
Arab Observer
(Cairo), June 15, 1964, 43;
EG
, June 8, 1964, and June 16, 1964;
NYT
, June 6, 1964, and June 7, 1964; “Champ's African ‘Love Affair,'” 89.

52
.
EG
, June 9, 1964.

53
.
BG
, June 18, 1964.

54
.
NYT
, June 24, 1964.

55
. Ibid., June 27, 1964.

Chapter 16

1
. Norwood,
About Paterson,
12. Unless otherwise noted, our sketch of Hayer is drawn from Friedly,
Malcolm X
, 99–107, 214–217, and Goldman,
The Death and Life
, 414–417.

2
.
MS
, April 10, 1964.

3
. In a sworn affidavit signed February 25, 1978, Hayer identified his accomplices only as Ben X, Leon X, Wilbur X, and William X.

4
. Unless otherwise noted, the press conference is drawn from:
AMX
, 393, 450–451;
CDN
, May 22, 1964; “Malcolm X's Famous Speech After Returning from Mecca,”
YouTube.com
,
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tuHYZdf-ad0
. Unlike Muhammad Ali, Malcolm never insisted that people recognize his Muslim name. He preferred that his followers call him “Minister Malcolm” or “Brother Malcolm.”