Blood Brothers (47 page)

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———.
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———.
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———.
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NOTES

Preface

1
. Hughes,
The Collected Poems of Langston Hughes
, 426.

2
. Ezra,
Muhammad Ali
, 1.

3
. Olsen,
Black Is Best
, 93–94.

4
. Huston Horn, “‘Who Made Me—Is
Me
!'”
SI
, September 25, 1961, 42;
LCJ
, August 26, 1960.

5
.
NYT
, February 27, 1964; Ferdie Pacheco interview with Jack Olsen, JOP; Olsen,
Black Is Best
, 94.

6
. Olsen,
Black Is Best
, jacket copy.

7
. For an interpretation of Malcolm's “multiple masks,” see Marable,
Malcolm X
, 10–11.

8
. Marable,
Malcolm X
, 10.

9
.
AMX
, 421.

10
.
AMX
, 447; “Playboy Interview: Cassius Clay,”
Playboy
, October 1964; Hans J. Massaquoi, “Mystery of Malcolm X,”
Ebony
, September 1964, 42.

11
. “Fragments/Notes,” Box 2, Folder 3, AHP. Numerous historians and writers have mistakenly used the Ali quote cited by Haley. See Remnick,
King of the World
, 214; Branch,
Pillar of Fire
, 259; Marable,
Malcolm X
, 293; Marqusee,
Redemption Song
, 88; Kindred,
Sound and Fury
, 75.

12
.
AMX
, 448 (emphasis ours).

13
. Marable,
Malcolm X
, 351. Literary critic Arnold Rampersad has argued, “Haley understood that autobiographies are almost by definition projects in fiction, in which the autobiographer selects from memory such material as seems to him or her most alluringly totemic.” See Rampersad, “The Color of His Eyes: Bruce Perry's
Malcolm
and Malcolm's Malcolm,” in
Malcolm X: In Our Own Image
, ed. Joe Wood (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992), 119.

14
. Floyd Patterson with Gay Talese, “In Defense of Cassius Clay,” in
The Muhammad Ali Reader
, ed. Gerald Early (New York: Robert Weisbach Books, 1998), 65.

15
. Cleaver,
Soul on Ice
, 117.

16
. Edwards,
The Revolt of the Black Athlete
, 89–90.

Prologue

1
. Joseph Martin interview with Jack Olsen, JOP; William Faversham interview with Jack Olsen, JOP; Gordon Davidson interview with Jack Olsen, JOP; Olsen,
Black Is Best
, 39.

2
. For the confrontation between Cassius and his father, see Officer Kalbfleisch interview with Jack Olsen, JOP; Olsen,
Black Is Best
, 49–50.

3
. Bob Coleman interview with author.

4
. Olsen,
Black Is Best,
106; Cassius Clay Sr. interview with Jack Olsen, JOP
.

5
. Baldwin,
The Fire Next Time
, 98.

6
. Ibid., 68.

7
. Cassius Clay Sr. interview with Jack Olsen, JOP.

8
. Adams,
Way Up North in Louisville
, 115–117; Fosl and K'Meyer,
Freedom on the Border
, 126–127, 131–133.

9
.
NYP
, February 27, 1964.

10
. Whitfield,
A Death in the Delta
, 42.

11
. Ali with Durham,
The Greatest
, 35; Hauser,
Muhammad Ali
, 89.

12
. Goldman,
The Death and Life
, 26–27.

13
. Ibid.

14
. Ibid., 9. On a few occasions, Malcolm suggested that his father was not actually murdered but rather died accidentally. See Marable,
Malcolm X
, 32.

Chapter 1

1
. Cottrell,
Man of Destiny
, 1–2.

2
. For details of Angelo Dundee's life, see: Dundee,
My View from the Corner
, 17–56; Dundee,
I Only Talk Winning
, 21–117; Anderson,
In the Corner
, 53–84; Fried,
Corner Men
, 1–28.

3
. Huston Horn, “Who Made Me—Is Me!,”
SI
, September 25, 1961, 45; Dundee,
My View from the Corner
, 60–61.

4
. Dundee,
My View from the Corner
, 62; Anderson,
In the Corner
, 61–62.

5
. Pacheco,
Fight Doctor
, 22–23.

6
. Horn, “Who Made Me—Is Me!,” 47.

7
. For the 5th Street Gym, see: Pacheco,
Tales from the 5th St. Gym
, 1–48; Dundee,
My View from the Corner
, 47–50.

8
. Dundee,
My View from the Corner
, 49.

9
. Myron Cope, “Feats of Clay,” in
Great Sports Reporting,
ed. Allen Kirschner (New York: Dell, 1969), 163.

10
. Fried,
Corner Men
, 9.

11
. Horn, “Who Made Me—Is
Me!
,” 51.

12
. Fried,
Corner Men
, 15.

13
. Dundee,
My View from the Corner
, 63–64.

14
. Michael Brennan, “Ali and His Educators,”
SI
, September 22, 1980, accessed at
http://www.si.com/vault/1980/09/22/824976/ali-and-his-educators
;
LCJ
, December 27, 1960, and December 28, 1960;
MH
, December 28, 1960.

15
. For Clay-Johansson, see: Hauser,
Muhammad Ali
, 37–38;
MH
, February 5, 1961, and February 7, 1961;
LCJ
, February 7, 1961;
BG
, February 7, 1961;
NYT
, February 7, 1961.

16
.
LCJ
, April 20, 1961;
PC
, April 29, 1961;
NYT
, May 14, 1961.

17
. Horn, “Who Made Me—Is
Me!
,” 40.

18
. Schulke with Schudel,
Muhammad Ali
, 10.

19
. Horn, “Who Made Me—Is
Me
!,” 40; Dunn,
Black Miami in the Twentieth Century
, 143–156.

20
. Shell-Weiss,
Coming to Miami
, 149; Raymond Mohl, “‘South of the South?' Jews, Blacks, and the Civil Rights Movement in Miami, 1945–1960,”
Journal of American Ethnic History
18 (Winter 1999): 20–23.

21
. Schulke with Schudel,
Muhammad Ali
, 26–28;
Muhammad Ali: Made in Miami
, DVD, produced by Gaspar Gonzalez and Alan Tomlinson (PBS, 2008).

22
. Abdul Rahman Muhammad (Sam Saxon) interview with author; Jack Olsen, “A Case of Conscience,”
SI
, April 11, 1966, n.p.; Hauser,
Muhammad Ali
, 89–90.

23
. Hauser,
Muhammad Ali
, 89–90.

24
. Lincoln,
The Black Muslims in America
, 71, 115–116.

25
. Hauser,
Muhammad Ali
, 90; Pacheco,
Muhammad Ali
, 37–38; Lincoln,
The Black Muslims in America
, 68–69; Goldman,
The Death and Life
, 69–70.

26
. Hauser,
Muhammad Ali
, 90–91.

27
. Olsen,
Black Is Best
, 134–136, 138–139.

28
. Bingham and Wallace,
Muhammad Ali's Greatest Fight
, 63; Robert Lipsyte, “Cassius Clay, Cassius X, Muhammad Ali,”
NYTM
, October 25, 1964, 140; Sullivan,
The Cassius Clay Story
, 92;
NYT
, March 24, 1964; Branch,
Parting the Waters
, 914–915.

29
. Bingham and Wallace,
Muhammad Ali's Greatest Fight
, 63;
Atlanta Journal
, October 10, 1958.

30
. Olsen,
Black Is Best
, 134; Essien-Udom,
Black Nationalism
, 188.

31
. Horn, “Who Made Me—Is
Me!
,” 39.

32
. Alex Haley, “The Implications of Cassius X,” 1964, Box Two, Folder 1, AHP; Sullivan,
The Cassius Clay Story
, 90; Bingham and Wallace,
Muhammad Ali's Greatest Fight
, 63.

33
. Hauser,
Muhammad Ali
, 91.

34
. Ibid.;
AMX
, 177–178.

35
. Isaac Sutton, “Intimate Look at the Champ,”
Ebony
, November 1966, 154.

36
. Monroe Berger, “The Black Muslims,”
Horizon
, Winter 1964, 57.

37
. Clegg,
An Original Man
, 6–17.

38
. Essien-Udom,
Black Nationalism
, 43–44; Lincoln,
The Black Muslims in America
, 10–15; Clegg,
An Original Man
, 20–33.

39
. Lincoln,
The Black Muslims in America
, 75–76; Essien-Udom,
Black Nationalism
, 131–132; Marable,
Malcolm X
, 85.

40
.
AMX
, 179–80; Clegg,
An Original Man
, 48–52; Lincoln,
The Black Muslims in America
, 76–77; Essien-Udom,
Black Nationalism
, 134.

41
. Clegg,
An Original Man
, 64–65; Muhammad,
Message to the Blackman in America
, 290–293.

42
. Pacheco,
Muhammad Ali
, 40–41.

43
. Olsen,
Black Is Best
, 139–140.

44
. Lincoln,
The Black Muslims in America
, 80.

45
. Essien-Udom,
Black Nationalism
, 15, 207; Lincoln,
The Black Muslims in America
, 81.

46
. Hauser,
Muhammad Ali
, 91–97.

47
.
MS
, October 15, 1962.

48
. Marqusee,
Redemption
Song, 59; David K. Wiggins, “Victory for Allah: Muhammad Ali, the Nation of Islam, and American Society,” in
Muhammad Ali: The People's Champ,
ed. Elliot Gorn (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1995), 90.

Chapter 2

1
. Lomax,
When the Word Is Given
, 27–28.

2
. Ibid.;
NYAN
, May 4, 1957.

3
. Ralph Ellison, “Harlem Is Nowhere,” in John Callahan, ed.,
The Collected Essays of Ralph Ellison
(New York: Modern Library, 2003), 321–322.

4
.
NYAN
, May 4, 1957; Lincoln,
The Black Muslims in America
, 199–203; Taylor Branch interview with Yusuf Shah (aka Captain Joseph Gravitt), October 17, 1991, TBP; Essien-Udom,
Black Nationalism
, 153–156.

5
.
AMX
, 254–255.

6
. Essien-Udom,
Black Nationalism
, 267.

7
.
NYAN
, April 29, 1957.

8
. Marable,
Malcolm X
, 128.

9
.
NYAN
, April 29, 1957.

10
.
AMX
, 256; DeCaro,
On the Side of My People
, 113–116; FBIMX-4.

11
. Karim,
Remembering Malcolm
, 23–44.

12
. Herbert Krosney, “America's Black Supremacists,”
The Nation
, May 6, 1961, 391; Karim,
Remembering Malcolm
, 50–51.

13
. Karim,
Remembering Malcolm
, 51–52.

14
. Ibid., 54.

15
. Ibid., 56; Goldman,
The Death and Life
, 60.

16
. Karim,
Remembering Malcolm
, 56–57; Lomax,
When the Word Is Given
, 25.

17
. Lincoln,
The Black Muslims in America
, 108–110.

18
. Clegg,
An Original Man
, 27; Goldman,
The Death and Life
, 46.

19
. Karim,
Remembering Malcolm
, 97–98.

20
. Ibid., 39–52;
AMX
, 53–55.

21
.
AMX
, 166–167; Goldman,
The Death and Life
, 32–33.

22
.
AMX
, 172–175.

23
. Ibid.

24
. Ibid., 176–177; Marable,
Malcolm
X, 77.

25
.
AMX
, 208–217.

26
.
NYAN
, April 20, 1957 (emphasis ours).

27
.
AMX
, 199.

28
. Perry,
Malcolm
, 145; Lomax,
When the Word Is Given
, 51.

29
. Gallen,
Malcolm X
, 33.

30
. Perry,
Malcolm
, 162–163; Essien-Udom,
Black Nationalism
, 177.

31
. Perry,
Malcolm
, 146.

32
. Goldman,
The Death and Life
, 47; Essien-Udom,
Black Nationalism
, 101.

33
. FBIMX-4.

34
. Transcript of
The Hate That Hate Produced
(1959) in FBIMX-4.

35
. Clegg,
An Original Man
, 125–129.

36
.
AMX
, 289.

37
. Ibid.; Marable,
Malcolm X
, 140.

38
. FBIEM-6; Clegg,
An Original Man
, 104, 131, 176; Marable,
Malcolm X
, 124, 162–163.

39
. William Worthy, “The Angriest Negroes,”
Esquire
, February 1961, 105.

40
. Sugrue,
Sweet Land of Liberty
, 288; Joseph,
Waiting
'
Til the Midnight Hour
, 50–52.

41
.
NYAN
, June 4, 1960; Malcolm X, “Harlem Freedom Rally, 1960,” Box 5, Folder 1, MXP (emphasis ours).

42
. Malcolm X, “Harlem Freedom Rally, 1960”; FBIMX-3; Cone,
Martin & Malcolm & America
, 98–99.

43
. Goldman,
The Death and Life
, 15–16; Alex Haley, “Alex Haley Remembers Malcolm X,”
Essence
, November 1983, 54.