Between Slavery and Freedom (34 page)

Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society,
121

physicians, black,
66
,
126
,
129
.
See also
bleeders; dentists; healers; midwives

Pico, Andreas (Mexican general),
83

Pico, Pio (Mexican governor),
83

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,
126

plaçage
,
70

planters, free black,
61
–
62
,
123

Poor, Salem (soldier),
25

porters, black,
69

Portsmouth, New Hampshire,
15
,
31
,
101

Potter, Eliza (hairdresser),
66

Presbyterians, black,
52

Prince Hall Masons,
55

privateers, black,
27
,
28
,
34

prostitution,
69
–
70

Providence, Rhode Island,
55
,
73

public schools,
79
–
80

public space, black access to,
73
,
128

public transportation, segregation on,
75
,
125
,
127
–
28

Quakers.
See
Society of Friends

race riots,
73

Raleigh, North Carolina,
72
–
73

registration, required of free blacks,
45
,
73
,
74
,
108
–
9

Remond family (Salem, Massachusetts),
66

Remond, John (caterer),
64
,
118
–
19
,
131

Remond, Nancy Lenox (baker and hairdresser),
66

Remond, Sarah Parker,
130
–
32

resettlement (voluntary),
36
,
37
,
92
,
126
–
27
; in Africa,
57
–
58
,
59
; on the American frontier,
58
,
59
; in Britain's West Indian colonies,
72
; in Canada,
72
; in Haiti,
71
–
72
,
88
,
89
,
113
.
See also
American Colonization Society; Liberia; Sierra Leone

residential segregation,
70
–
71

Resolute Beneficial Society (Washington, D.C.),
110
–
11

Rhode Island,
14
,
15
,
20
,
25
,
26
,
31
,
42
,
98
–
99

Rhode Island Black Regiment.
See
First Rhode Island Regiment

Richmond, Virginia,
48

Roberts, Benjamin,
79

Roberts, Fred (runaway slave),
122

Roberts, John Jenkins (merchant),
71
,
88

Roberts, Robert (writer),
64

Roberts, Sarah,
79

Rock, John S. (doctor and lawyer),
66
,
129

Royal African Company, British,
8

Royal Navy, British,
22
,
27

Russwurm, John Brown,
77
–
78
,
113
–
14

sailors, black,
14
,
16
,
22
,
27
,
54
,
68
–
69
,
75
,
89
,
112
,
115
,
116
–
17
,
128

St. Augustine, Florida,
2

Saint Domingue,
40
,
41
,
46
.
See also
Haiti

St. George's Methodist Episcopal Church, Philadelphia,
52

St. Louis, Missouri,
53
,
65
,
70
,
74
,
89
,
129
–
30

St. Thomas's African Episcopal Church, Philadelphia,
52

Salem, Massachusetts,
64
,
66
,
118
–
19
,
131

Salem, Peter (soldier),
25

San Francisco, California,
83
,
125
–
26

Savannah, Georgia,
64
,
122

schools, black,
17
,
55
,
67
,
68
,
78
–
80
,
110
–
11

Scott, Dred,
91
–
92

Scott, Harriet,
91
–
92

second-hand clothing, black retailers of,
65
,
115

“servant,” vagueness of term,
13
–
14

Sharp Street Methodist Church, Baltimore,
107

shipowners, black,
69
,
83
,
116
–
17
,
125
–
26

Sierra Leone,
28
,
36
,
37
,
57
,
58

siete partidas
,
2

slave catchers,
42
,
86
,
89
,
121
,
122

slave owners, black,
3
,
6
,
9
,
41
,
47
,
62
,
86
,
100
,
123

Smith, James McCune (physician),
66

Society of Friends (Quakers),
13
,
17
,
29
,
30
,
57

soldiers, black men as: in colonial era,
2
,
3
,
4
,
9
,
11
,
18
; in Revolutionary War,
23
–
27
,
28
–
29
,
33
,
101
,
108
,
118
; volunteer to serve,
93
,
101
,
105
–
6
,
128
,
129
; in War of 1812,
47
,
48

Somersett, James,
19

Somersett
case (1772),
19

Sons of Liberty,
22

the South.
See
Lower South; Upper South;
individual colonies and states

South Carolina,
8
–
9
,
10
,
20
,
26
–
27
,
32
,
33
,
34
,
40
,
45
,
74
,
88
,
89
,
99
–
100
,
111
–
12
,
118

Spanish: as colonizers,
1
,
46
; as slaveholders,
2
,
3
,
48

Spanish Seven-Part Law.
See
siete partidas

Stanly, Benjamin,
123
–
24

Stanly, John Carruthers (planter),
123
–
24

Stanly, Joseph,
123
–
24

steamboat stewards, black,
64
–
65

Stephens, George E. (writer),
128

Stewart, Charles (slave owner),
19

Stewart, James W. (businessman),
117

Stewart, Maria W. (orator),
117
–
18

stores, black-owned,
65
,
115
,
118
,
120

Stowe, Harriet Beecher,
87

street vendors, black,
64

Sturgis, Stokeley (slave owner),
102

Susanne (slave),
129

Talcott Street Church, Hartford, Connecticut,
53

taxes, discriminatory,
45
,
49
,
73
,
112

teachers, black,
67
,
68
,
127
,
129

Temple Street Church, New Haven, Connecticut,
53

Tennessee,
45
,
74
,
89

Texas,
2
,
82
,
86

Thacher, George (congressman),
104

Thomas, James (barber),
74
,
89
,
124
–
25

Thomas, Sally (laundress),
74
,
124

Thompson, Harriet.
See
Clamorgan, Harriet

Thompson, Mary,
74

Toussaint L'Ouverture, François Dominique,
40

Three-Fifths Compromise,
35

Traveller, Henry,
98

Trinidad,
72

Turner, Nat,
72

Tye, Colonel (soldier),
24

Uncle Tom's Cabin
(Stowe),
87

undertakers, black,
64

Upper South,
43
,
44
,
45
,
49
,
63
,
71
,
73
,
107
.
See also individual colonies
and states

U.S. Navy,
69

U.S. Supreme Court,
87
,
91
–
92
,
129

Utah,
86

Vermont,
15
,
29
,
32
,
41

Vesey, Denmark,
74
,
111
–
12

Vigilance Committees,
81

Violetas (runaway slave),
98

Virginia,
5
–
8
,
20
,
23
,
24
,
26
,
33
,
40
,
44
,
54
,
89
,
95
–
96

Virginia John (runaway slave),
97

voting rights,
42
,
43
,
75
,
76
,
82
,
90
,
92
,
106
–
7
,
130
.
See also
disfranchisement

Walker, David (writer),
65
,
77
,
115
–
16
,
117

Walker, Quock,
30

War of 1812,
47
,
58
,
69
,
108

“warning out,”
15
–
16
,
31
,
32
,
42

Washington, George,
24
,
25
,
28

Washington, D.C.,
54
,
55
,
58
,
65
,
66
,
78
,
109
,
110

Washington (territory),
90

Way, Flora,
122

White, Jacob C. Sr. (bleeder and dentist),
67

Wilkinson, Robert Jerome (barber),
74
–
75

Willson, John (banker),
122
–
23

Willson, Joseph (writer),
71
,
122
–
23

Wilmington, North Carolina,
115
,
122

Wilmot, David (congressman),
83

Wilmot Proviso,
83

Wisconsin (territory),
92

women, status of free black,
77
,
86
,
117
–
18

yellow fever epidemic (1793),
55

About the Author

Julie Winch
is professor of history at the University of Massachusetts Boston, where she has taught since 1985. She has published five books on the lives of free people of African descent in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century America, including
The Clamorgans: One Family's History of Race in America
and
A Gentleman of Color: The Life of James Forten
. She has been the recipient of fellowships from the National Endowment for the Humanities, the American Antiquarian Society, the John Carter Brown Library, Mystic Seaport, and the Beinecke Library. Her biography of James
Forten won the American Historical Association's Wesley-Logan Prize.