Between Slavery and Freedom (33 page)

Freeman, Elizabeth,
30

Freemasonry,
54

French: as colonizers,
3
–
5
,
18
,
46
; as slaveholders,
3
–
5
,
50

French and Indian War,
17
–
18

French Black Code.
See Code Noir

“French Negroes.”
See gens de couleur libres

Fugitive Slave Law, federal: (1793),
42
,
56
,
86
,
121
; (1850),
86
,
87

Gabriel's Rebellion,
44

Gage, Thomas (governor of Massachusetts),
23

Gardiner, Serena (boarding-house owner),
120

Garrison, William Lloyd,
78
,
81
,
120

gender roles,
69
,
86
,
117
–
18

gens de couleur libres
: in Louisiana,
46
,
47
,
48
,
105
–
6
; from Saint Domingue,
41
,
46
,
53

Georgetown, Virginia,
59

George III (king of England),
21
,
34

Georgia,
10
,
24
,
26
,
27
,
32
,
33
,
34
,
40
,
45
,
97
,
122
,
123

Glasgow, Jesse Ewing (scholar),
88

Gold Rush, black prospectors in: California (1849),
83
,
90
; Fraser Canyon, British Columbia (1855),
90

Goyens, William (Texas settler),
82

Gray, William,
36

Great Awakening,
17
,
33

Grimké, Angelina,
120

guardians, free blacks required to have,
74
,
112
,
123

Guyana,
72

hairdressers, black,
66

Haiti,
40
,
71
–
72
,
88
,
113

Haitian Revolution,
40
,
41
,
104

“half-freedom,”
11

Hall, Prince,
54
,
55
,
56

Hanscome, James (becomes “white”),
87
–
88

Harpers Ferry raid,
93

Harris, James (founds school),
111

Harry (runaway),
97

Hartford, Connecticut,
53
,
117

Hawai'i, African Americans in,
89

healers, black,
12
,
66
–
67
,
113

Hicks, George (founds school),
111

hoteliers, black,
65
,
118
,
119

Houston, Sam,
82

Illinois,
49
,
92

“Illinois Country,”
3
,
18
,
35

indentured servants,
1
,
5
,
7
,
23
,
102

Indiana,
49
,
50

“intelligence offices,”
65

“Irish Nell.”
See
Butler, Eleanor

Jackson, Andrew,
47
–
48
,
58
,
105
,
118

Jacob (runaway slave),
97

Jamaica,
72

Jamestown, Virginia,
5

Jefferson, Thomas,
34
,
55
,
102
–
4

Jennings, Elizabeth,
127
–
28

Jinnings, Thomas (dentist),
118
,
120

Jinnings, William (store owner),
118
,
120

Johnson, Anthony (farmer),
6

Johnson, Archibald (founds school),
111

Johnson, Francis (Frank) (composer),
68

Johnson, Isaac (founds school),
111

Johnson, Mary (farmer),
6

Johnson, Richard (shipowner),
116
–
17

Jones family,
65

Jones, Reverend Absalom,
36
,
52
,
55
,
56
,
59
,
104
–
5

Jones, Jehu (hotelier),
118
,
119

Kansas,
91

Kansas-Nebraska Act,
91

Keating, Betsy,
122
–
23

Keckley, Elizabeth (dressmaker),
65
–
66

Kentucky,
44
,
45
,
89
,
91

kidnapping,
56
,
75
,
80
,
87
,
92
,
104
–
5
,
121
–
22

Kingsley, Anna Jai (planter),
61
–
62

land owners, black,
63

laundresses, black,
65
,
74
,
124

lawyers, black,
66
,
129

Leidesdorff, William Alexander (merchant),
83
,
125
–
26

Letters from a Man of Colour
(Forten),
56

Lew, Barzillai (soldier),
25

Lewis, Fred (founds school),
111

Lexington, Kentucky,
45

Liberator
(newspaper),
78
,
121

Liberia,
60
,
71
,
78
,
87
,
88
,
89

Liberty Hall (New York City),
106

licenses, free blacks required to have,
74

Lincoln, Abraham,
93

literacy, black,
16
–
17
,
55
,
77
,
78
,
110
–
11

literary societies, black,
78
,
80

Louisiana,
40
,
47
,
48
,
88

Louisiana Purchase,
46
,
105
–
6

Louisiana Territory,
3
,
18
,
46
,
47

Louisville, Kentucky,
45

Lower South,
8
–
10
,
26
–
27
,
33
–
34
,
43
,
45
,
46
,
48
,
55
,
61
,
63
,
64
,
73
.
See also individual colonies and states

Loyalists, black (in Revolutionary War),
23
–
24
,
27
,
28
,
37
,
57
.
See also
Black Pioneers

Maine,
50

Mansfield, Lord (William Murray) (Lord Chief Justice of England),
19

manumission, restrictions on,
12
,
15
,
44
,
45
,
47
,
82
,
88
,
95
–
96
,
98
–
99

maroons,
9

Maryland,
7
,
26
,
33
,
40
,
44
,
89
,
107

Massachusetts,
14
,
15
,
19
,
20
,
26
,
30
,
31
,
36
,
41
,
64
,
79
–
80
,
95
,
96
; General Court,
23
,
32
; General Colored Association,
115

Meacham, Reverend John Berry,
78

Methodists: white,
17
,
44
.
See also
African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church; African Methodist Episcopal Zion (AMEZ) Church

Mexican War,
82

Mexico,
82
,
83

Midwest,
35
,
72
,
79
,
81
,
91

midwives, black,
67

Miller, Maria.
See
Stewart, Maria W.

milliners, black,
66

ministers, black,
67

Minton, Henry (caterer),
64

Mississippi,
48

Mississippi River,
3
,
78

Missouri,
50
,
78
,
89
,
90
,
91

Missouri Compromise,
50
,
92

Missouri Territory,
47
,
50
,
59

Mobile, Alabama,
48
,
49
,
53

Mordecai, Samuel (barber),
74

Morris, Robert (lawyer),
66

Mother Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church, Philadelphia,
52
,
76
,
110

Mumbet.
See
Freeman, Elizabeth

musicians, black,
68

mutual benefit societies,
36
,
53
,
54

names, choosing of by black people,
51

Narrative of the Proceedings of the Black People
(Jones and Allen),
56

Nashville, Tennessee,
54
,
74
,
124

National Reformer
(newspaper),
78

Native Americans,
4
,
6
,
7
,
8
,
9
,
10
,
11
,
16
,
57
,
82
,
87

Nebraska,
91

Nebraska City, Nebraska,
91

“Negro pew,”
17
,
52

Negro Seamen's Act,
116
–
17
,
128

New Amsterdam,
11

New Bedford, Massachusetts,
63
,
116

New Bern, North Carolina,
123
,
124

New Castle, Delaware,
54

New England,
13
–
15
,
16
,
41
.
See also individual colonies and states

New Hampshire,
15
,
31
,
41
,
101

New Haven, Connecticut,
53
,
79

New Jersey,
12
,
32
,
43
,
97

New Mexico,
86
,
90

New Netherland,
11

New Orleans,
4
,
18
,
46
,
47
,
48
,
53
,
64
,
70
,
78
,
105
–
6
,
126

New York,
11
–
12
,
42
,
43
,
91
,
106

New York City,
11
,
12
,
24
,
27
,
28
,
40
,
42
–
43
,
53
,
55
,
63
,
64
,
77
,
106
–
7
,
113
,
117
,
122
,
125
,
126
,
127

New York Manumission Society,
68
,
80

Newport, Rhode Island,
14
,
16
,
36

Newport African Union,
36
,
37
,
53
,
57

newspapers, black-owned,
78
,
113
–
15

night soil men, black,
69

North Carolina,
8
,
24
,
26
,
44
,
45
,
73
,
77
,
89

North Star
(newspaper),
78

Northup, Solomon,
75

Northwest Ordinance,
35
,
49

Nova Scotia,
28

Noyes Academy, Canaan, New Hampshire,
79

Ohio,
49

Omaha, Nebraska,
91

Oregon,
90

Orleans Territory,
47

oyster cellars, black-owned,
64
,
119

Pacific Northwest,
90

Parrott, Russell (printer),
110

passports, refusal to issue to blacks,
68
,
130
–
32

Payne, Reverend Daniel Alexander,
67

Peg (free woman of color),
97

Penn, William,
13

Pennsylvania,
13
,
17
,
20
,
29
–
30
,
42
,
98
–
99
,
108
–
9
; Gradual Abolition Law (1780),
29
–
30

Pennsylvania Abolition Society,
29
–
30
,
67
,
68
,
80

Pensacola, Florida,
49

Peronneau, Nancy,
99
–
100

Peronneau, Richard (carpenter),
99
–
100

personal liberty laws,
87

“Peter the Doctor” (free man),
12

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
13
,
24
,
27
,
34
,
36
–
37
,
40
,
42
,
52
–
56
,
59
,
64
,
73
,
76
,
78
,
97
,
98
,
104
–
5
,
113
,
123
,
124
,
128