Arabs (112 page)
Kanj Yusuf Pasha
Kanunname
(laws)
(laws)
Karami, Rashid
Karbala, Iraq
Kassir, Samir
Kaylani, Rashid Ali al-
Khair Bey, Mamluk governor
Khayr al-Din al-Tunisi
Khayr al-Din Barbarossa
Khaled, Leila
Khan Maysalun
Khartoum Summit
Khomeini, Ayatollah
Khoury, Bishara al-
Khrushchev, Nikita
King, Henry Churchill
King David Hotel bombing
King-Crane Commission
Kissinger, Henry
Kitchener, Lord
Khattabi, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Karim al-, (Abd el-Krim), leader of Rif War 1921–1926
Kristellnacht
(night of broken glass)
(night of broken glass)
Kurds
Kuwait invasion by Iraq
Arab world divided
consequences for Israel and Palestine
consequences for Lebanon
Highway of Death
oil dumped into Gulf
oil wells, detonated
Kuwaiti resistance
Kuwaiti oil production
Lahoud, Emile
Lampson, Sir Miles
Lavon Affair
Lawrence, T. E. (Lawrence of Arabia)
League of Nations
Covenant
Iraq admitted
Lebanese civil war
arms for
Lebanese expatriate community
Lebanese nationalists
Lebanon
confessionalism
under French colonialism
independence
invaded by Israel
Islamists in
Israeli-Lebanese Agreement of May 17, 1983
National Movement
National Pact, 1943
nationalists.
See
Nationalists, Lebanese
See
Nationalists, Lebanese
under Ottoman rule
Palestinian guerrillas in
population, by religion
post-Israeli war
seeks alliance with Syria
seeks independence
Taif Accord
terrorist attacks, Beirut
the troika
Lehi (Lohamei Herut Yisrael).
See also
Stern Gang
See also
Stern Gang
Leiberman, Senator Joseph
Leyden jars
Libya
Egypt attacks, 1977
under Italian colonialism
1969 revolution
oil production
under Ottoman rule
Likud government, Israel
London Conference of May 1832,
London Convention for the Pacification of the Levant, 1840
L’Orient
(Napoleon’s flagship)
(Napoleon’s flagship)
Lufti al-Sayyid, Ahmad
Lyautey, Marshal Hubert
Macbeth
(Shakespeare)
(Shakespeare)
MacDonald, Ramsay, 1931 “Black Letter”
Maghrib Office, Cairo
Mahdi’s Revolt, Sudan 1881–1885
Mahmal
Mahmud I (Ottoman sultan)
Mahmud II
Majid, Ali Hasan al- (Chemical Ali)
Mamluks
conquered by Ottomans
descendants
massacre, at Citadel
in Ottoman government
revolt
March 14 Alliance, Lebanon
Marj Dabiq, Battle of, 1516
Maronites.
battle Druze
massacre Palestinians
and Ottoman reform
Martin, Cliff
Maude, Sir Stanley
McMahon, Sir Henry
McPherson, Joseph
Mecca and Medina
battles for
First World War
pilgrimage to
Medici
Mehmed II
Meir, Golda
Melilla (Spanish possession)
Mesopotamia.
See also
Iraq
See also
Iraq
Middle Ages
Middle East Defense Organization (MEDO)
Migrant laborers
Mikdadi, Lina.
See
Tabbara, Lina (Mikdadi)
See
Tabbara, Lina (Mikdadi)
Milner, Lord
Mishaqa, Mikhayil
Mobil
Mohammad V
Mohi El Din, Zakaria
Mongols
Montefiore, Moses
Montgolfier hot-air balloon
Moriscos
Moroccan nationalists
Morocco
during the Crusades
under French colonialism
independence
local leaders co-opted
loses independence
under Spain
succession of Mohammed VI
“useful”
Mount Lebanon
Christian population
Mubarak, Gamal
Mubarak, Husni
Muhammad (prophet)
descendants
Muhammad ’Ali Pasha
battles Wahhabis
decrees religious equality
Egyptian Army under
and Europe
invades Sudan
invades Syria
kills Mamluks
land taxation
loses Syria
modernizes army
secession
territorial gains
Muhammad al-Sadiq Bey, ruler of Tunisia
Muhammad Bey “Abu al-Dhahab”, Mamluk commander
Muslim Brotherhood.
See also
Islamists
See also
Islamists
in Egypt
and the Free Officers
in Gaza
imprisoned
in Syria
Muslim Ladies’ Society
Muslim Sisterhood
Muslims.
See also
Islam
See also
Islam
fundamentalist
Spanish
Mussolini, Benito
Naguib, General Muhammad
Nahda
(cultural renaissance)
(cultural renaissance)
Najd
Nakba, al-. 269-270.
See also
Arab-Israeli wars, 1948 War
See also
Arab-Israeli wars, 1948 War
Napoleonic army
Nashashibi family
Nasif, Malak Hifni
Nasser, Gamal Abdel
and Algeria
dies
on Iraqi revolution
and Islamists
Israeli War strategy
as negotiator
1967 War strategy
resigns
and Yemen
Nasserism
Nationalism
and national identity
radicalized
Nazi Germany
Arab allies
LEHI overtures to
Nehru, Jawaharlal
Nelson, Horatio
Netanyahu, Benjamin
Newspapers, Egyptian
1984
(Orwell)
(Orwell)
9/11.
See
September 11, 2001
See
September 11, 2001
Nixon, Richard M.
Nizami armies
Non-Aligned Movement
North Africa.
See also
under individual countries
See also
under individual countries
battle for
North Africa
(continued)
(continued)
nationalism
under Ottoman rule
North African colonialism
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Nuqrashi, Mahmud Fahmi al-
Nusseibeh, Sari
Obama, Barack
Occidental Petroleum
October War.
See
Arab-Israeli Wars, 1973 War
See
Arab-Israeli Wars, 1973 War
Oil
Britain’s dependence on
discovery
in Iraq
and migrant labor
oil rich states
and power
production
South America
Soviet production
and wealth creation
Oil embargoes
1967
1973
Oil wells detonated, Kuwait 1991
Oman
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
Orwell, George, 1984
Oslo Accords
Osman II (Ottoman sultan)
Ottoman Constitution
Ottoman Empire
alliance with Barbary corsairs
alliances with European countries
Arab rebellion
Arabs, in government
and Britain
challenged by Wahhabis
conquers Arab lands
declares bankruptcy
fall of
feudalistic nature of
legal reforms, of Süleyman II
local leaders in
loses Arab lands
loses European territory
Mamluks in.
See
Mamluks
See
Mamluks
Nizami army
partition of territory
rule of Arab world.
See
under each country
See
under each country
Russia invades
Ottoman Public Debt Administration (PDA)
Ottoman reforms, nineteenth century (Tanzimat)
and civilian infrastructure
education reforms
erosion of sultan’s power
opposition
penal reforms
Reform Decree, 1839
Reform Decree, 1856
and religious minorities
transformation to constitutional monarchy
Tunisia
Ottoman statecraft
Ottoman-Russian War of 1877–1878
Pahlevi, Mohamed Reza
Paice, Marvyn
Palestine
and American diplomacy.
See
United States, diplomatic efforts
See
United States, diplomatic efforts
Arab coalition fights for.
See
Arab Liberation Army (ALA)
See
Arab Liberation Army (ALA)
Arab Revolt, 1936–1939
and Balfour Declaration
Britain leaves
and British Mandate
Dayr Yasin massacre
declaration of independence, 1988
diaspora
ethnic cleansing
Haifa
medical convoy attacked
Nakba, al-
opposition of Jewish state.
See
Palestinian nationalists
See
Palestinian nationalists
partition of
public opinion
second intifada
severed from Transjordan
two-state solution
under Ottoman rule
United Nations Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP)
uprising.
See
Intifada
See
Intifada
Palestine Liberation Army
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)
international opinion
and Intifada
leaves Beirut, 1982
Oslo Accords, 1993
as Palestine’s representative
research center
Palestine National Council (PNC)
Palestinian nationalists.
See also
Intifada secular vs. Islamist
See also
Intifada secular vs. Islamist
Palestinian refugees
in Gaza
in Lebanon
massacred, at Sabra and Shatila
Paris Peace Conference of 1919,
Egypt’s presence
Lebanon’s presence
Pashas, role of
Passfield White Paper
Peace of Kütahya, 1833
Peace of Paris, 1856
Peel Commission, 1937
People’s Republic of China.
Perestroika
Perpetual Treaty of 1853, Great Britain and the Trucial States
Persia.
See also
Iran
See also
Iran
Safavid Empire
Persian Gulf
Britain controls
oil dumped into
piracy
Pétain, Marshal Phillipe
Peter the Great
Petroleum products.
See
Oil
See
Oil
Picot.
See
Georges-Picot, Charles-Francois
See
Georges-Picot, Charles-Francois
Phalangist Party
Pilgrimages
Piracy
Persian Gulf
PKK (Kurdistan Workers’ Party)
Polytheism, in Islam
Pontecorvo, Gillo,
The Battle of Algiers
(film)
The Battle of Algiers
(film)
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP)
Porte, the.
See
Sublime Porte
See
Sublime Porte
Portugal
Presidios
Press
Prophet, The
(Gibran)
(Gibran)
Prostitution, in Damascus
Protectorate, definition
Publishing
under government control
Qadhafi, Colonel Muammar al-
Qadiriyya order, of Sufi
Qaida, al-
Qansuh al-Ghawri, al-Ashraf
Qarawiyyin mosque university
Qasim, Abd al-Karim
Qasimi Mamluks
Qasimi tribal confederation
Qassam, Izz al-Din al-
Qatar
Qawuqji, Fawzi al-
Qur’an
and Islamic modernists
“Makers of the Pit”
on other faiths
on pharaohs
on slavery
Qusus, Awda al-
Qutb, Sayyid
Milestones
Quwwatli, Shukri al-
overthrown
Rabin, Yitzhak
Radio stations
Iraqi
Radio Berlin’s Arab service
Voice of the Arabs
Railroads
Ras al-Khaima
Reagan, Ronald
Red Line Agreement
Reform Decree of 1839 (Ottoman Empire)
Reform Decree of 1856 (Ottoman Empire)
Religious conflict.
See also
Lebanese civil war; Palestine
See also
Lebanese civil war; Palestine
Druze and Maronites
Restrained occupation, France in Algeria
Réveil, Le
(French newspaper)
(French newspaper)
Rif War, 1921–1926
Rigoletto
(Verdi)
(Verdi)
Romania
Roosevelt, Franklin D.
Russia
gains, in First World War
invades Ottoman Empire
Russian Revolution
Russian-Ottoman War of 1877–1878
Sa’ada, Antun
Saadawi, Nawal El
Sabra and Shatila massacres
Sadat, Anwar
accomplishments
assassinated
assumes presidency
attacks Libya
expels Soviet advisors
peace negotiations with Israel
Safavid Empire
Safwat, Ismail
Said Pasha
Salafism
Salem, Salah
Salman, Abu
Salmun (prostitute)
Sarrail, General Maurice
Sartre, Jean-Paul
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