Arabs (110 page)
3
Quoted in Zachary Karabell, “Backfire: U.S. Policy Toward Iraq, 1988–2 August 1990,”
Middle East Journal
(Winter 1995): 32–33.
Quoted in Zachary Karabell, “Backfire: U.S. Policy Toward Iraq, 1988–2 August 1990,”
Middle East Journal
(Winter 1995): 32–33.
4
Human Rights Watch,
Genocide in Iraq: The Anfal Campaign Against the Kurds
(New York and Washington, DC: Human Rights Watch, 1993).
Human Rights Watch,
Genocide in Iraq: The Anfal Campaign Against the Kurds
(New York and Washington, DC: Human Rights Watch, 1993).
5
Samir al-Khalil, the alias used by Iraqi author Kanan Makiya, provided a graphic description of political repression in Saddam Hussein’s Iraq in his 1989 study,
The Republic of Fear
(Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1989).
Samir al-Khalil, the alias used by Iraqi author Kanan Makiya, provided a graphic description of political repression in Saddam Hussein’s Iraq in his 1989 study,
The Republic of Fear
(Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1989).
8
A transcript of the Glaspie-Hussein interview is reproduced in Phyllis Bennis and Michel Moushabeck, eds.,
Beyond the Storm: A Gulf Crisis Reader
(New York: Olive Branch, 1991), pp. 391–396.
A transcript of the Glaspie-Hussein interview is reproduced in Phyllis Bennis and Michel Moushabeck, eds.,
Beyond the Storm: A Gulf Crisis Reader
(New York: Olive Branch, 1991), pp. 391–396.
11
Ibid., p. 207.
Ibid., p. 207.
14
Mohammed Abdulrahman Al-Yahya,
Kuwait: Fall and Rebirth
(London: Kegan Paul International, 1993), p. 86.
Mohammed Abdulrahman Al-Yahya,
Kuwait: Fall and Rebirth
(London: Kegan Paul International, 1993), p. 86.
18
Ibrahim al-Marashi, “The Nineteenth Province: The Invasion of Kuwait and the 1991 Gulf War from the Iraqi Perspective” (D.Phil. thesis, Oxford, 2004), p. 92.
Ibrahim al-Marashi, “The Nineteenth Province: The Invasion of Kuwait and the 1991 Gulf War from the Iraqi Perspective” (D.Phil. thesis, Oxford, 2004), p. 92.
20
“Declaration of Jihad Against the Americans Occupying the Land of the Two Holy Sanctuaries,” reprinted in Gilles Kepel and Jean-Pierre Milelli, eds.,
Al-Qaeda in Its Own Words
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008), pp. 47-50. See also Bin Ladin’s CNN interview in ibid., pp. 51–52.
“Declaration of Jihad Against the Americans Occupying the Land of the Two Holy Sanctuaries,” reprinted in Gilles Kepel and Jean-Pierre Milelli, eds.,
Al-Qaeda in Its Own Words
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008), pp. 47-50. See also Bin Ladin’s CNN interview in ibid., pp. 51–52.
22
Ibid., p. 230.
Ibid., p. 230.
23
Ibid.
Ibid.
24
Ibid., p. 234.
Ibid., p. 234.
25
Ibid., p. 13.
Ibid., p. 13.
28
Theodor Hanf,
Coexistence in Wartime Lebanon: Decline of a State and Rise of a Nation
(London: I. B. Tauris, 1993), p. 319.
Theodor Hanf,
Coexistence in Wartime Lebanon: Decline of a State and Rise of a Nation
(London: I. B. Tauris, 1993), p. 319.
29
Ibid., p. 570.
Ibid., p. 570.
30
Ibid., p. 595.
Ibid., p. 595.
31
Ibid., p. 616.
Ibid., p. 616.
35
Ibid., pp. 82–84.
Ibid., pp. 82–84.
37
The full text of Haidar Abdul Shafi’s lecture is reproduced on the Jerusalem Media and Communications Center website,
http://www.jmcc.org/documents/haidarmad.htm
.
The full text of Haidar Abdul Shafi’s lecture is reproduced on the Jerusalem Media and Communications Center website,
http://www.jmcc.org/documents/haidarmad.htm
.
38
Transcriptions of all opening and closing speeches by heads of delegations to Madrid are reproduced on the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs website,
http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Archive/
. Israeli historian Amitzur Ilan attributes “true responsibility for the murder” of Bernadotte to Shamir and two other LEHI leaders; Ilan,
Bernadotte in Palestine, 1948
(Houndmills, UK, and London: Macmillan, 1989), p. 233.
Transcriptions of all opening and closing speeches by heads of delegations to Madrid are reproduced on the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs website,
http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Archive/
. Israeli historian Amitzur Ilan attributes “true responsibility for the murder” of Bernadotte to Shamir and two other LEHI leaders; Ilan,
Bernadotte in Palestine, 1948
(Houndmills, UK, and London: Macmillan, 1989), p. 233.
41
Ahmed Qurie (‘Abu Ala’),
From Oslo to Jerusalem: The Palestinian Story of the Secret Negotiations
(London: I. B. Tauris, 2006), p. 58.
Ahmed Qurie (‘Abu Ala’),
From Oslo to Jerusalem: The Palestinian Story of the Secret Negotiations
(London: I. B. Tauris, 2006), p. 58.
42
Ibid., p. 59.
Ibid., p. 59.
43
Yezid Sayigh,
Armed Struggle and the Search for State: The Palestinian National Movement, 1949–1993
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), pp. 656–658.
Yezid Sayigh,
Armed Struggle and the Search for State: The Palestinian National Movement, 1949–1993
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), pp. 656–658.
47
World Bank, “Poverty in the West Bank and Gaza,” Report No. 22312-GZ, June 18, 2001.
World Bank, “Poverty in the West Bank and Gaza,” Report No. 22312-GZ, June 18, 2001.
48
The construction of new settlements violated Art. 31 of the Oslo II accords, which stipulated: “Neither side shall initiate or take any step that will change the status of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip pending the outcome of the permanent status negotiations.”
The construction of new settlements violated Art. 31 of the Oslo II accords, which stipulated: “Neither side shall initiate or take any step that will change the status of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip pending the outcome of the permanent status negotiations.”
49
B’tselem, the Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories, “Land Grab: Israel’s Settlement Policy in the West Bank,” May 2002, p. 8.
B’tselem, the Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories, “Land Grab: Israel’s Settlement Policy in the West Bank,” May 2002, p. 8.
50
Ibid., pp. 433–444.
EpilogueIbid., pp. 433–444.
1
Osama bin Ladin’s television statement was broadcast on al-Jazeera television on October 7, 2001. An English transcription of his statement is posted on the BBC website,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1585636.stm
.
Osama bin Ladin’s television statement was broadcast on al-Jazeera television on October 7, 2001. An English transcription of his statement is posted on the BBC website,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1585636.stm
.
2
Israeli statistics reproduced from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs website,
http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism
.
Israeli statistics reproduced from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs website,
http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism
.
3
All statistics relating to administrative detention, house demolition, and the Separation Barrier can be found on the B’Tselem website,
http://www.btselem.org/english/list_of_Topics.asp
.
All statistics relating to administrative detention, house demolition, and the Separation Barrier can be found on the B’Tselem website,
http://www.btselem.org/english/list_of_Topics.asp
.
4
“Bridging the Dangerous Gap Between the West and the Muslim World,” remarks prepared for delivery by Deputy Secretary Paul Wolfowitz at the World Affairs Council, Monterey, CA, May 3, 2002.
“Bridging the Dangerous Gap Between the West and the Muslim World,” remarks prepared for delivery by Deputy Secretary Paul Wolfowitz at the World Affairs Council, Monterey, CA, May 3, 2002.
5
Secretary Colin L. Powell, “The U.S.–Middle East Partnership Initiative: Building Hope for the Years Ahead
,
” lecture delivered to the Heritage Foundation, Washington, DC, 2002.
Secretary Colin L. Powell, “The U.S.–Middle East Partnership Initiative: Building Hope for the Years Ahead
,
” lecture delivered to the Heritage Foundation, Washington, DC, 2002.
Index
Abbas, Ferhat
Abbas Pasha
Abd al-Qadir, Amir.
See
Jaza’iri, Amir Abd al-Qadir al-
See
Jaza’iri, Amir Abd al-Qadir al-
Abd el-Krim.
See
Khattabi, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Karim al-
See
Khattabi, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Karim al-
Abdullah, King
Abdullah II of Jordan
Abdulmecid I (Ottoman sultan)
Abouzeid, Leila,
Year of the Elephant
Year of the Elephant
Abu Jihad (Khalil al Wazir), PLO official
Abu Nidal Group
Acheson, Dean
Afghani, al-Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-
Afghanistan
’Aflaq, Michel
Africa.
See
under individual countries
See
under individual countries
Agha, Sulayman (Colonel Sèves)
Ahmad Bey of Tunis
Ahmad Pasha (Ottoman governor of Damascus)
Ahmad Pasha (Ottoman governor of Egypt)
Aida
(Verdi)
(Verdi)
Al-Ahram
newspaper
newspaper
Alami, Musa,
Ibrat Filastin
Ibrat Filastin
Alawites
Al-Azhar (mosque university)
Albanians
Aleppo conquered by Muhammad ’Ali under Ottoman rule
Alexandria, Egypt
Algeciras Conference, January 1906
Algeria
assimilation movement
centenary of French colonization
fly swatter incident
under French colonialism
Islamic Salvation Front (FIS)
native conscription
oil production
under Ottoman rule
piracy
Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN)
Algerian resistance movement
Algerian revolution
Battle of Algiers
settlers’ movement
Algerian workers, in France
’Ali Bey al-Kabir, Mamluk ruler of Egypt
Amer, Field Marshal Abd al- Hakim
American University in Cairo
American University of Beirut
Amin, Ahmad
radicalized
Amin, Qasim
The Liberation of Women
Anas, Abdullah
Anatolia
Andrews, L. Y.
Anglo-Egyptian Evacuation Agreement, 1954
Anglo-French Declaration of November 1918
Anglo-Iraqi Treaty, 1924
Anglo-Ottoman Convention for suppression of slave trade, 1880
An-Nahar
Aoun, General Michel
Arab culture
cultural diversity
Islam in
Arab Higher Committee, Palestine
Arab Human Development Report
Arab-Israeli Wars
1948 War
1956 War (Suez Crisis, Tripartite Aggression)
1967 War (Six Day War)
1973 War (Ramadan War, Yom Kippur War)
War of Attrition
Arab League
divisions within
representatives, at Sadat’s funeral
Arab Liberation Army (ALA), 1947–1948
unpreparedness
Arab malaise
Arab nationalism
books on
decline of
era before
in First World War
post-World War I
rise of
Arab Revolt, 1916–1918
Arab Union, 1958
Arab Women’s Association, Palestine
Arabian Peninsula
Arabists.
See
Arab nationalism
See
Arab nationalism
Arafat, Yasser
addresses United Nations, 1974
assassination attempts
and Intifada
leaves Beirut, 1982
Oslo Accords
Aramco (oil consortium)
’Arif, Colonel Abd al-Salam
Asad, Bashar al-
Aswan High Dam, Nile River
Austro-Hungarian Empire
Avnery, Uri
Aya Sofia Mosque
’Ayn Dara, battle of
Azm, As’ad Pasha al-
Azm, Khalid al-
Azm family
Azm Palace
Azm, Sulayman Pasha al-
’Azzam, Shaykh Abdullah
Ba’th Party
in Iraq
secular nature
Bab Zuwayla (gates of Cairo)
Bab-i Ali
(High Gate).
See
Sublime Porte
(High Gate).
See
Sublime Porte
Baghdad
Baghdad Pact, 1955
Bahrain
Bahri, Yunis
Baker, James
Balfour, Lord Arthur
Balfour Declaration
Balkans
nationalism
under Ottoman rule
Banking reform, Ottoman Empire
Banna, Hasan al-
Barbarossa (Khayr al-Din)
Barbary corsairs (pirates)
Baring, Sir Evelyn.
See
Cromer, Lord
See
Cromer, Lord
Bar-Lev Line
Battle of Algiers
(film)
(film)
Bayhum, Muhammad Jamil
Bedouins
Begin, Menachem
Bell, Gertrude
Ben Badis, Abd al-Hamid
Ben Bella, Ahmed
Ben-Gurion, David
Berbers
Berlin Wall
Bertholet (Eighteenth-century French scientist)
Bin Ladin, Osama
declares jihad on United States
Bir Zeit University
Bitar, Salah al-Din
Black Saturday, January 26, 1952
Black September War
Blum, Léon
Bolsheviks
Bonaparte, Napoleon
Bouchard, Henri, French sculptor
Bouhired, Djamila
Bouhired, Fatiha
Bourès-Maunoury, Maurice
Bourguiba, Habib
Boutros-Ghali, Boutros
Boy levy (
devshirme)
devshirme)
Brezhnev, Leonid
Britain
acquires Cyprus
controls Persian Gulf
end of colonial power
invasion of Baghdad
leaves Palestine
and Ottoman Empire
position on Balkan independence
rivalry with France
rules Egypt
rules Iraq
and Saudi Arabia
Suez Canal
treaties and promises, First World War
and Trucial States
World War II
British East India Company
British Empire
British Petroleum (BP)
Budayri al-Hallaq, Ahmad al- (Damascene diarist)
Bunche, Ralph
Bush, George H. W.
Bush, George W.
shoe-throwing incident
Byron, Lord
Byzantine Empire
Cairo
burns, on Black Saturday
under Ottoman rule
as publishing center
revolt against Ottomans
Cairo Accord of November 1969
Cairo University
CalTex
Camp David
Carter, Jimmy
Catherine the Great
Catroux, General Georges
Cavell, Edith
Ceausescu, Nicolae
Cedar Revolution.
See
Independence Intifada
See
Independence Intifada
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