Arabs (109 page)
16
Cited in Yergin,
The Prize
, p. 597. Khalid al-Hasan repeated the same story to Alan Hart: “Feisal said: ‘The condition is that you will fight for a long time and that you won’t ask for a cease-fire after a few days. You must fight for not less than three months.’” Alan Hart,
Arafat: Terrorist or Peacemaker?
(London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1984), p. 370.
Cited in Yergin,
The Prize
, p. 597. Khalid al-Hasan repeated the same story to Alan Hart: “Feisal said: ‘The condition is that you will fight for a long time and that you won’t ask for a cease-fire after a few days. You must fight for not less than three months.’” Alan Hart,
Arafat: Terrorist or Peacemaker?
(London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1984), p. 370.
18
El-Gamasy claimed that 27 Israeli aircraft were shot down on October 6 and that 48 aircraft were downed on October 7, for a total of 75 Israeli planes in the first two days of fighting; p. 234. He put Israel’s armored losses at more than 120 tanks destroyed on October 6 and 170 tanks on October 7; pp. 217, 233. These figures seem credible when compared to the official figures for the war as a whole, in which Israel lost a total of 103 aircraft and 840 tanks and Arab forces lost 329 aircraft and 2,554 tanks. Avi Shlaim,
The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2000), p. 321.
El-Gamasy claimed that 27 Israeli aircraft were shot down on October 6 and that 48 aircraft were downed on October 7, for a total of 75 Israeli planes in the first two days of fighting; p. 234. He put Israel’s armored losses at more than 120 tanks destroyed on October 6 and 170 tanks on October 7; pp. 217, 233. These figures seem credible when compared to the official figures for the war as a whole, in which Israel lost a total of 103 aircraft and 840 tanks and Arab forces lost 329 aircraft and 2,554 tanks. Avi Shlaim,
The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2000), p. 321.
25
Ibid., p. 383.
Ibid., p. 383.
26
Ibid., p. 379.
Ibid., p. 379.
28
Ibid., p. 52.
Ibid., p. 52.
29
Ibid., p. 36.
Ibid., p. 36.
30
Ibid., p. 43.
Ibid., p. 43.
31
Ibid., p. 44.
Ibid., p. 44.
34
The full text of Arafat’s speech is reproduced in Walter Laqueur and Barry Rubin, eds.,
The Israel-Arab Reader: A Documentary History of the Middle East Conflict
(New York: Penguin, 1985).
The full text of Arafat’s speech is reproduced in Walter Laqueur and Barry Rubin, eds.,
The Israel-Arab Reader: A Documentary History of the Middle East Conflict
(New York: Penguin, 1985).
37
United Nations Relief Works Agency statistics for numbers of registered refugees. As UNRWA notes, registration is voluntary and the number of registered refugees is not an accurate population figure, but would be less than the actual total. Robert Fisk gave the 1975 figure at 350,000 in
Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 73. Refugee statistics posted to the UNRWA website,
http://www.un.org/unrwa/publications/index.html
.
United Nations Relief Works Agency statistics for numbers of registered refugees. As UNRWA notes, registration is voluntary and the number of registered refugees is not an accurate population figure, but would be less than the actual total. Robert Fisk gave the 1975 figure at 350,000 in
Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 73. Refugee statistics posted to the UNRWA website,
http://www.un.org/unrwa/publications/index.html
.
41
Ibid., p. 19.
Ibid., p. 19.
42
Ibid., pp. 20, 29.
Ibid., pp. 20, 29.
43
Ibid., pp. 53–54.
Ibid., pp. 53–54.
44
Saad Eddin Ibrahim, “Oil, Migration, and the New Arab Social Order,” in Malcolm Kerr and El Sayed Yasin, eds.,
Rich and Poor States in the Middle East
(Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1982), p. 55.
Saad Eddin Ibrahim, “Oil, Migration, and the New Arab Social Order,” in Malcolm Kerr and El Sayed Yasin, eds.,
Rich and Poor States in the Middle East
(Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1982), p. 55.
46
Walid Khalidi,
Conflict and Violence in Lebanon: Confrontation in the Middle East
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979), pp. 60–62.
Walid Khalidi,
Conflict and Violence in Lebanon: Confrontation in the Middle East
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979), pp. 60–62.
47
Ibid., p. 104.
Ibid., p. 104.
51
The bread riots took place on January 18–19, 1977. Mohamed Heikal,
Secret Channels: The Inside Story of Arab-Israeli Peace Negotiations
(London: Harper Collins, 1996), p. 245.
The bread riots took place on January 18–19, 1977. Mohamed Heikal,
Secret Channels: The Inside Story of Arab-Israeli Peace Negotiations
(London: Harper Collins, 1996), p. 245.
52
Ibid., p. 247–248. For the Libyan perspective of the attack, see Bearman,
Qadhafi’s Libya
, pp. 170–171.
Ibid., p. 247–248. For the Libyan perspective of the attack, see Bearman,
Qadhafi’s Libya
, pp. 170–171.
53
Heikal,
Secret Channels
, pp. 252–254. Sadat gives a similar account in his own memoirs: see Anwar el-Sadat,
In Search of Identity
(London: Collins, 1978), p. 306.
Heikal,
Secret Channels
, pp. 252–254. Sadat gives a similar account in his own memoirs: see Anwar el-Sadat,
In Search of Identity
(London: Collins, 1978), p. 306.
55
Ibid., p. 16.
Ibid., p. 16.
59
Doc. 74, Statement to the Knesset by Prime Minister Begin, November 20, 1977, in
Israel’s Foreign Relations: Selected Documents, vols. 4–5: 1977–1979,
posted to the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs website,
www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Foreign+Relations/Israels+Foreign+Relations+since+1947/1977–1979/
. Emphasis added by the author.
Doc. 74, Statement to the Knesset by Prime Minister Begin, November 20, 1977, in
Israel’s Foreign Relations: Selected Documents, vols. 4–5: 1977–1979,
posted to the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs website,
www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Foreign+Relations/Israels+Foreign+Relations+since+1947/1977–1979/
. Emphasis added by the author.
61
The statistics are drawn from Saad Eddin Ibrahim, “Oil, Migration, and the New Arab Social Order,” pp. 53, 55.
The statistics are drawn from Saad Eddin Ibrahim, “Oil, Migration, and the New Arab Social Order,” pp. 53, 55.
62
Ibid., pp. 62–65.
Chapter 13Ibid., pp. 62–65.
3
Sayyid Qutb, “The America I Have Seen,” in Kamal Abdel-Malek, ed.,
America in an Arab Mirror: Images of America in Arabic Travel Literature
(New York: St Martin’s Press, 2000), pp. 26–27.
Sayyid Qutb, “The America I Have Seen,” in Kamal Abdel-Malek, ed.,
America in an Arab Mirror: Images of America in Arabic Travel Literature
(New York: St Martin’s Press, 2000), pp. 26–27.
4
Ibid., p. 10.
Ibid., p. 10.
5
Sayyid Qutb, Ma‘alim fi’l-tariq [lit. “Signposts along the road,” often translated under the title
Milestones
] (Cairo: Maktabat Wahba, 1964). There are many English editions of Qutb’s
Milestones
. The edition I cite was published in Damascus by Dar al-Ilm (no date). These arguments from the introduction, pp. 8–11; ch. 4, “Jihad in the Cause of God,” p. 55; ch. 7, “Islam Is the Real Civilization,” p. 93.
Sayyid Qutb, Ma‘alim fi’l-tariq [lit. “Signposts along the road,” often translated under the title
Milestones
] (Cairo: Maktabat Wahba, 1964). There are many English editions of Qutb’s
Milestones
. The edition I cite was published in Damascus by Dar al-Ilm (no date). These arguments from the introduction, pp. 8–11; ch. 4, “Jihad in the Cause of God,” p. 55; ch. 7, “Islam Is the Real Civilization,” p. 93.
6
Ibid., ch. 11, “The Faith Triumphant,” p. 145.
Ibid., ch. 11, “The Faith Triumphant,” p. 145.
7
Zaynab al-Ghazali,
Return of the Pharaoh: Memoir in Nasir’s Prison
(Leicester, UK: The Islamic Foundation, n.d.), pp. 40–41.
Zaynab al-Ghazali,
Return of the Pharaoh: Memoir in Nasir’s Prison
(Leicester, UK: The Islamic Foundation, n.d.), pp. 40–41.
8
Ibid., pp. 48–49.
Ibid., pp. 48–49.
9
Ibid., p. 67.
Ibid., p. 67.
10
One of Hadid’s recruits recounted his experiences to a Syrian judge, reproduced in translation in Olivier Carré and Gérard Michaud,
Les frères musulmans
[The Muslim brothers]
(1928–1982)
(Paris: Gallimard, 1983), p. 152.
One of Hadid’s recruits recounted his experiences to a Syrian judge, reproduced in translation in Olivier Carré and Gérard Michaud,
Les frères musulmans
[The Muslim brothers]
(1928–1982)
(Paris: Gallimard, 1983), p. 152.
11
Ibid., p. 139.
Ibid., p. 139.
12
Isa Ibrahim Fayyad had been arrested in Jordan and accused of being part of a Syrian assassination squad sent to kill the Jordanian prime minister. His account of the massacre in the Tadmur Prison was reproduced in ibid., pp. 147–148.
Isa Ibrahim Fayyad had been arrested in Jordan and accused of being part of a Syrian assassination squad sent to kill the Jordanian prime minister. His account of the massacre in the Tadmur Prison was reproduced in ibid., pp. 147–148.
13
The anonymous eyewitness account was recorded by a
Washington Post
correspondent and reproduced in the article “Syrian Troops Massacre Scores of Assad’s Foes,” June 25, 1981.
The anonymous eyewitness account was recorded by a
Washington Post
correspondent and reproduced in the article “Syrian Troops Massacre Scores of Assad’s Foes,” June 25, 1981.
15
Quoted in Robert Fisk,
Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), p. 518.
Quoted in Robert Fisk,
Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), p. 518.
16
Emphasis in the original; ibid., p. 512.
Emphasis in the original; ibid., p. 512.
17
Quoted in ibid., pp. 480, 520.
Quoted in ibid., pp. 480, 520.
18
Quoted in Augustus Richard Norton,
Hezbollah
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007), p. 19.
Quoted in Augustus Richard Norton,
Hezbollah
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007), p. 19.
19
On the Maronite-Israel alliance, see Kirsten E. Schulze,
Israel’s Covert Diplomacy in Lebanon
(London: Macmillan, 1998), pp. 104–124.
On the Maronite-Israel alliance, see Kirsten E. Schulze,
Israel’s Covert Diplomacy in Lebanon
(London: Macmillan, 1998), pp. 104–124.
20
On Sharon’s plans for the restructuring of the Middle East, see Avi Shlaim,
The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2000), pp. 395–400.
On Sharon’s plans for the restructuring of the Middle East, see Avi Shlaim,
The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2000), pp. 395–400.
21
Lina Mikdadi,
Surviving the Siege of Beirut: A Personal Account
(London: Onyx Press, 1983), pp. 107–108.
Lina Mikdadi,
Surviving the Siege of Beirut: A Personal Account
(London: Onyx Press, 1983), pp. 107–108.
24
Ibid., pp. 132–133.
Ibid., pp. 132–133.
25
From the official translation of the Final Report of “The Commission of Inquiry into the Events at the Refugee Camps in Beirut, 1983,” chaired by the president of the Israeli Supreme Court, Yitzhak Kahan, pp. 12, 22.
From the official translation of the Final Report of “The Commission of Inquiry into the Events at the Refugee Camps in Beirut, 1983,” chaired by the president of the Israeli Supreme Court, Yitzhak Kahan, pp. 12, 22.
28
Ibid., pp. 88–89.
Ibid., pp. 88–89.
29
The full text of this foundation document, “Open Letter Addressed by Hizbullah to the Downtrodden in Lebanon and in the World” of February 16, 1985, is reproduced in Augustus Richard Norton,
Amal and the Shi’a: Struggle for the Soul of Lebanon
(Austin: University of Texas Press, 1987). Passage quoted on pp. 174–175.
The full text of this foundation document, “Open Letter Addressed by Hizbullah to the Downtrodden in Lebanon and in the World” of February 16, 1985, is reproduced in Augustus Richard Norton,
Amal and the Shi’a: Struggle for the Soul of Lebanon
(Austin: University of Texas Press, 1987). Passage quoted on pp. 174–175.
32
Abdullah Anas,
Wiladat “al-Afghan al-‘Arab”: Sirat Abdullah Anas bayn Mas’ud wa ‘Abdullah ’Azzam
[The birth of the “Arab Afghans”: The autobiography of Abdullah
Anas between Mas‘ud and Abdullah ’Azzam] (London: Saqi, 2002), p. 14. Born Bou Jouma‘a, he adopted the alias Anas as his surname after joining the Afghan jihad.
Abdullah Anas,
Wiladat “al-Afghan al-‘Arab”: Sirat Abdullah Anas bayn Mas’ud wa ‘Abdullah ’Azzam
[The birth of the “Arab Afghans”: The autobiography of Abdullah
Anas between Mas‘ud and Abdullah ’Azzam] (London: Saqi, 2002), p. 14. Born Bou Jouma‘a, he adopted the alias Anas as his surname after joining the Afghan jihad.
33
For a brief biography, see Thomas Hegghammer, “Abdallah Azzam, the Imam of Jihad,” in Gilles Kepel and Jean-Pierre Milelli, eds.,
Al Qaeda in Its Own Words
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008), pp. 81–101.
For a brief biography, see Thomas Hegghammer, “Abdallah Azzam, the Imam of Jihad,” in Gilles Kepel and Jean-Pierre Milelli, eds.,
Al Qaeda in Its Own Words
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008), pp. 81–101.
34
Abdullah ’Azzam, “To Every Muslim on Earth,” published in Arabic in the magazine he edited from Afghanistan,
Jihad
, March 1985, p. 25.
Abdullah ’Azzam, “To Every Muslim on Earth,” published in Arabic in the magazine he edited from Afghanistan,
Jihad
, March 1985, p. 25.
35
Abdullah ‘Azzam, “The Defense of Muslim Territories Constitutes the First Individual Duty,” in Keppel and Milelli, pp. 106–107.
Abdullah ‘Azzam, “The Defense of Muslim Territories Constitutes the First Individual Duty,” in Keppel and Milelli, pp. 106–107.
36
The full record of U.S. support for the Afghan mujahidin is provided by Steve Coll in
Ghost Wars
(New York: Penguin, 2004); figures for the Carter years p. 89; for 1985, p. 102.
The full record of U.S. support for the Afghan mujahidin is provided by Steve Coll in
Ghost Wars
(New York: Penguin, 2004); figures for the Carter years p. 89; for 1985, p. 102.
38
Ibid., pp. 16–17.
Ibid., pp. 16–17.
39
Ibid., pp. 25–29.
Ibid., pp. 25–29.
40
Ibid., pp. 33–34.
Ibid., pp. 33–34.
43
Ibid., p. 67.
Ibid., p. 67.
44
Ibid., p. 87.
Ibid., p. 87.
45
Shaul Mishal and Reuben Aharoni,
Speaking Stones: Communiqués from the Intifada Underground
(Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1994), p. 21.
Shaul Mishal and Reuben Aharoni,
Speaking Stones: Communiqués from the Intifada Underground
(Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1994), p. 21.
47
Sari Nusseibeh with Anthony David,
Once Upon a Country: A Palestinian Life
(London: Halban, 2007), p. 265.
Sari Nusseibeh with Anthony David,
Once Upon a Country: A Palestinian Life
(London: Halban, 2007), p. 265.
48
Ibid., p. 269.
Ibid., p. 269.
49
The charter was published on August 18, 1988; quote from art. 15. “Charter of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas) of Palestine,”
Journal of Palestine Studies
22, 4 (Summer 1993): 122–134.
The charter was published on August 18, 1988; quote from art. 15. “Charter of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas) of Palestine,”
Journal of Palestine Studies
22, 4 (Summer 1993): 122–134.
52
M. Cherif Bassiouni and Louise Cainkar, eds.,
The Palestinian Intifada—December 9, 1987–December 8, 1988: A Record of Israeli Repression
(Chicago: Database Project on Palestinian Human Rights, 1989), pp. 19–20.
M. Cherif Bassiouni and Louise Cainkar, eds.,
The Palestinian Intifada—December 9, 1987–December 8, 1988: A Record of Israeli Repression
(Chicago: Database Project on Palestinian Human Rights, 1989), pp. 19–20.
53
Ibid., pp. 92–94.
Ibid., pp. 92–94.
54
Hamas Communiqué No. 33, December 23, 1988, and UNC Communiqué No. 25, September 6, 1988, in Mishal and Aharoni,
Speaking Stones
, pp. 125–126, 255.
Hamas Communiqué No. 33, December 23, 1988, and UNC Communiqué No. 25, September 6, 1988, in Mishal and Aharoni,
Speaking Stones
, pp. 125–126, 255.
57
Yezid Sayigh,
Armed Struggle and the Search for State: The Palestinian National Movement, 1949–1993
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), p. 624.
Yezid Sayigh,
Armed Struggle and the Search for State: The Palestinian National Movement, 1949–1993
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), p. 624.
60
Robert Hunter,
The Palestinian Uprising: A War by Other Means
(Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1991), p. 215.
Chapter 14Robert Hunter,
The Palestinian Uprising: A War by Other Means
(Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1991), p. 215.
1
Mohamed Heikal,
Illusion of Triumph: An Arab View of the Gulf War
(London: Harper Collins, 1992), pp. 14–17, for both Habash and Asad quotes. See also Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin,
The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World
(New York: Basic Books, 2005), pp. 212–213.
Mohamed Heikal,
Illusion of Triumph: An Arab View of the Gulf War
(London: Harper Collins, 1992), pp. 14–17, for both Habash and Asad quotes. See also Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin,
The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World
(New York: Basic Books, 2005), pp. 212–213.
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