A Great and Terrible King: Edward I and the Forging of Britain (81 page)

⁶⁵
Powicke,
Henry III
, 722;
KW
, i, 248–57;
The Ledger Book of Vale Royal Abbey
, ed. J. Brownhill (Record Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, 68, 1914), 4–5. The conventional foundation date is 13 August, but by then Edward was back in the Wirral:
Itinerary
, i, 81.

⁶⁶
KW
, i, 310–11; Morris,
Welsh Wars
, 130, 138–9;
EHD
, iii, 461.

⁶⁷
Foedera
, I, ii, 544; Smith,
Llywelyn
, 425–6.

⁶⁸
Morris,
Welsh Wars
, 130–2; Smith,
Llywelyn
, 428;
KW
, i, 318–19.

⁶⁹
Morris,
Welsh Wars
, 134.

⁷⁰
Smith,
Llywelyn
, 104–5; Morris,
Welsh Wars
, 132.

⁷¹
Ibid., 134–5;
Gerald of Wales
, ed. Thorpe (London, 1978), 187, 230; Cotton, 155.

⁷²
Itinerary
, i, 82; Morris,
Welsh Wars
, 136–8; Morris,
Bigod Earls
, 118.

⁷³
Smith,
Llywelyn
, 434–6, 438–9, 443.

⁷⁴
Ibid., 444–5;
Itinerary
, i, 86.

⁷⁵
AM
, iv, 274; Smith,
Llywelyn
, 445.

CHAPTER 6: ARTHUR’S CROWN

¹
Davies,
Age of Conquest
, 333, and 333–42 for this section.

²
KW
, i, 319.

³
Ibid., 295, 329; Smith,
Llywelyn
, 125–7, 421.

⁴
A. J. Taylor, ‘Master James of St George’,
Studies in Castles and Castle-Building
, 63–97.

⁵
Davies,
Age of Conquest
, 339–41.

⁶
KW
, i, 301–4, 310–11, 322; Davies,
Age of Conquest
, 371–2.

⁷
AWR
, 590. Smith,
Llywelyn
, 446–7.

⁸
CCR, 1272–79
, 493; Smith,
Llywelyn
, 448–50; Davies,
Empire
, 22–3.

⁹
Prestwich,
Edward I
, 120. Cf. Powicke,
Henry III
, 724.

¹⁰
For a comprehensive debunking of the Arthur myth, see N. J. Higham,
King Arthur: Myth-Making and History
(London, 2002),
passim
. For a good short treatment, see M. Wood,
In Search of England: Journeys into the English Past
(London, 1999), 23–42.

¹¹
Geoffrey of Monmouth, History of the Kings of Britain
, ed. L. Thorpe (London, 1966), 9.

¹²
Ibid., 17; Davies,
Empire
, 39.

¹³
King Arthur in Legend and History
, ed. R. White (London, 1997), 517–19; Higham,
King Arthur
, 230.

¹⁴
DNB
, xlvi, 711; Howell,
Eleanor of Provence
, 7; Crouch,
Tournament
, 116–21; R. S. Loomis, ‘Edward I, Arthurian Enthusiast’,
Speculum
, 28 (1953), 116–17.
Pace
Loomis, Edward himself does not appear to have attended Mortimer’s tournament: cf.
Itinerary
, i, 116.

¹⁵
King Arthur in Legend and History
, ed. White, 520–3.

¹⁶
Loomis, ‘Arthurian Enthusiast’, 115; Stevenson,
Documents
, ii, 468; Prestwich,
Edward I
, 118, 120–2.

¹⁷
King Arthur in Legend and History
, ed. White, 529; Loomis, ‘Arthurian Enthusiast’, 116; C. Shenton, ‘Royal Interest in Glastonbury and Cadbury: Two Arthurian Itineraries, 1278 and
1331’, EHR
, 114 (1999), 1249–55. Cf. J. C. Parsons, ‘The Second Exhumation of King Arthur’s Remains at Glastonbury, 19 April 1278’,
Arthurian Literature
, 12 (1993), 173–7.

¹⁸
Geoffrey of Monmouth
, ed. Thorpe, 17.

¹⁹
See J. Gillingham, ‘The Context and Purposes of Geoffrey of Monmouth’s
History of the Kings of Britain’
, and ‘The Beginnings of English Imperialism’, in idem,
The English in the Twelfth Century
(Woodbridge, 2000), 3–39, for this section.

²⁰
Geoffrey of Monmouth
, ed. Thorpe, 54–5,
66
, 72, 74–5, 80, 131, 207.

²¹
Chrétien de Troyes, Arthurian Romances
, ed. and trans. W. W. Kibler and C. W. Carroll (London, 1991), 384;
AM
, iv, 168; Paris, iii, 202; Smith,
Llywelyn
, 480–1.

²²
Kaeuper,
Bankers
, 177–80; Davies,
Age of Conquest
, 339. The castles at Builth, Aberystwyth, Flint and Rhuddlan together came to £22,500:
KW
, i, 298, 307, 317, 324.

²³
PW
, 214–16, 218, 220–1;
EHD
, iii, 413. Edward also imposed an old-fashioned levy called a scutage, but not until February 1279. H. M. Chew, ‘Scutage under Edward I’,
EHR
, 37 (1922), 326–7.

²⁴
Prestwich,
Edward I
, 244–5; Huscroft,
Expulsion
, 124.

²⁵
Prestwich,
Edward I
, 245; Huscroft,
Expulsion
, 124–8.

²⁶
Ibid., 124–6, 140. Confiscated goods raised £11,000 and the remint a further £25,000: Prestwich
, Edward I
, 245, 247.

²⁷
Powicke,
Thirteenth Century
, 288;
CCR, 1272–7
, 493.

²⁸
Powicke,
Thirteenth Century
, 285–9; Smith, ‘Adversaries of Edward I’, 55–88.

²⁹
Powicke,
Thirteenth Century
, 289–93; H. Johnstone, ‘The County of Ponthieu, 1279–1307’,
EHR
, 29 (1914), 437; Crouch,
Tournament
, 37, 45–6, 77.

³⁰
Maddicott, ‘Edward I and the Lessons of Baronial Reform’, 27–30.

³¹
PROME
, 32–40; Prestwich,
Edward I
, 238 (cf. 569), 249–55.

³²
Ibid., 258–64;
RCWL
, 12–43.

³³
Itinerary
, i, 93, 114–16, 121–2, 129–33, 136–8, 147–8;
KW
, i, 550–1; ii, 944, 984, 1002;
AM
, ii, 393; Prestwich,
Edward I
, 115–17.

³⁴
Trivet, 281–2; Parsons,
Eleanor of Castile
, 53–5;
Itinerary
, i, 127, 129, 133, 138, 142–4;
KW
, ii, 695–7, 970–1; J. Ashbee, ‘“The Chamber called
Gloriette”
: Living at Leisure in Thirteenth and Fourteenth-Century Castles’,
Journal of the British Archaeological Association
, 157 (2004), 17–40.

³⁵
Parsons, ‘Year of Eleanor of Castile’s Birth’, 262–4.

³⁶
Itinerary
, i, 90–1, 108, 123–4, 139–40, 155–6. The delights of this area appear to have been discovered in 1276. Ibid., 56.

³⁷
AWR
, 600–1, 615–16, 622, 624; Davies,
Age of Conquest
, 344–7.

³⁸
AWR
, 627–8.

³⁹
Smith,
Llywelyn
, 455–7, 505–6.

⁴⁰
Ibid., 460–3;
AWR
, 651–3.

⁴¹
Ibid., 240–1; 648–9.

⁴²
Smith,
Llywelyn
, 451;
KW
, i, 329–30.

⁴³
Ibid., 304, 322–3;
PW
, 222. That some burgesses escaped from Aberystwyth is suggested by the order to the earl of Gloucester in May to see to their resettlement. Morris,
Welsh Wars
, 165.

⁴⁴
Smith,
Llywelyn
, 451–2.

⁴⁵
Ibid., 465–7, 506–10.

⁴⁶
Ibid., 460;
PW
, 222.

⁴⁷
Ibid., 222–4; Morris,
Welsh Wars
, 155;
KW
, i, 323n, 331; Prestwich,
Edward I
, 189, 198.

⁴⁸
PW
, 222–5;
RCWL
, 44; Morris,
Welsh Wars
, 155–8; Prestwich,
Edward
I
, 196.

⁴⁹
Itinerary
, i, 159;
RCWL
, 44;
PW
, 222.

⁵⁰
Morris,
Welsh Wars
, 160.

⁵¹
Ibid., 160–2;
KW
, i, 331.

⁵²
Morris,
Welsh Wars
, 165–6.
Pace
Morris, the date of the attack was 16 June.
Annales Cambrie
, ed. J. Williams ab Ithel (Rolls Series, 1860), 106.

⁵³
PW
, 227;
RCWL
, 45.

⁵⁴
Itinerary
, i, 159a;
KW
, i, 322–3; Morris,
Welsh Wars
, 173.