1808: The Flight of the Emperor (33 page)

22
Cited in Leila Mezan Algranti,
D. João VI,
p. 39.

23
Henry Brackenridge,
Voyage to South America,
volume 1, pp. 113–115.

24
For a description of the changes in Rio de Janeiro following the court's arrival, see Jurandir Malerba,
A Corte no exílio,
p. 165ff; on the effects of the changes and the announcements in the
Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro,
see Delso Renault,
O Rio antigo nos anúncios de jornais.

25
Francisco Gracioso; J. Roberto Whitaker Penteado,
Propaganda brasileira.

26
Luiz dos Santos Marrocos,
Cartas,
p. 444.

27
Jurandir Malerba,
A Corte no exílio,
pp. 167–168.

28
Ernst Ebel,
O Rio de Janeiro e seus arredores,
p. 71.

29
Alexander Caldcleugh,
Travels in South America,
p. 64.

 

XIX

THE CHIEF OF POLICE

 

1
As with all statistics from this period, the figures remain controversial. Manuel de Oliveira Lima calculates a population of 110,000 in 1817. James Henderson estimates 150,000 in 1821, which Kirsten Schultz reduces to 80,000.

2
Luiz dos Santos Marrocos,
Cartas,
p. 163.

3
This expression comes from Francis Albert Cotta, “Polícia para quem precisa” in
Revista de História
of the National Library, December 2006, p. 65.

4
For a description of Paulo Fernandes Viana's duties, see Kirsten Schultz,
Tropical Versailles,
p. 105; and Thomas Holloway,
Polícia no Rio de Janeiro,
pp. 46–47.

5
Jurandir Malerba,
A Corte no exílio,
p. 264.

6
Oliveira Lima,
D. João VI no Brasil,
p. 156.

7
Jurandir Malerba,
A Corte no exílio,
p. 132.

8
Ibid, p. 137.

9
Cited in Kirsten Schultz,
Tropical Versailles,
p. 106.

10
Cited in Maria Odila Leite da Silva Dias,
A interiorização da metrópole,
p. 134.

11
Leila Mezan Algrantri,
O feitor ausente,
p. 168.

12
Jurandir Malerba,
A Corte no exílio,
p. 134.

13
Leila Mezan Algranti,
O feitor ausente,
p. 169.

14
Kirsten Schultz,
Tropical Versailles,
p. 125.

15
James Henderson,
A History of Brazil,
p. 77.

16
Kirsten Schultz,
Tropical Versailles,
p. 111.

17
Leila Mezan Algranti,
O feitor ausente,
p. 76.

18
Kirsten Schultz,
Tropical Versailles,
p. 109.

19
Ibid, p. 108.

20
Cited in Leila Mezan Alegranti,
O feitor ausente,
p. 39.

21
Thomas Holloway,
Polícia no Rio de Janeiro,
pp. 48–49.

22
Domingos Ribeiro dos Guimarães Peixoto,
Aos sereníssimos príncipes reais,
p. 2.

23
Manuel Vieira da Silva,
Reflexões sobre alguns dos meios,
p. 12.

24
Guimarães Peixoto,
Aos sereníssimos príncipes reais,
p. 2. (The text has been modified to faciliate ease of reading.)

25
Manuel Vieira da Silva,
Reflexões sobre alguns dos meios,
p. 8.

26
Paulo Fenandes Viana,
Abreviada demonstração dos trabalhos da polícia.
Cited in Leila Mezan Alegranti,
O feitor ausente,
p. 37.

27
The urban reforms that Viana put into motion in Rio de Janeiro came nearly half a century later than similar initiatives in European capitals. In 1785, London, for example, already had a system of streetlamps, police stations, and a squad of sixty-eight men who patrolled the city on foot each night. See J. J. Tobias,
Crime and Industrial Society in the Nineteenth Century.

 

XX

SLAVERY

 

1
For more information about the Valongo Slave Market and the archeological research in the Gamboa district, see PretosNovos.com.br.

2
The estimate comes from Sir Henry Chamberlain,
Views and Costumes of the City and Neighbourhood of Rio de Janeiro,
the chapter entitled “The Slave Market” (no page number). Mary Karash, in
A vida dos escravos no Rio de Janeiro: 1808–1850,
catalogued 225,047 who disembarked between 1800 and 1816, which gives an annual average of 14,000.

3
Maria Graham,
Journal of a Voyage to Brazil,
p. 227.

4
James Henderson,
A History of Brazil,
p. 74.

5
Henry Chamberlain,
Views and Costumes,
“The Slave Market” (caption to slide 11).

6
Ronaldo Vainfas, in
Dicionário do Brasil colonial,
p. 555, warns that figures on slave traffic in Brazil often vary, ranging from 3.3 million to 8 million. Robert Conrad, in
Tumbeiros: o tráfico de escravos para o Brasil,
estimates 5.6 million, distributed as follows: 100,000 in the sixteenth century, 2 million in the seventeenth, another 2 million in the eighteenth, and 1.5 million in the nineteenth. João Luis Ribeiro Fragoso, in
Homens de grossa aventura,
p. 181, says that between 1811 and 1830, 1,181 slave ships arrived in Rio de Janeiro from Africa, transporting 489,950 slaves. For more information on the topic, see Philip D. Curtin,
The Atlantic Slave Trade,
Wisconsin University Press, cited in Manolo Garcia Florentino,
Em costas negras,
p. 59; and Thomas Skidmore, Brazil, p. 5.

7
Manolo Garcia Florentino,
Em costas negras,
p. 59.

8
Alan Manchester,
British Preeminence in Brazil,
p. 164.

9
João Luis Ribeiro Fragoso,
Homens de grossa aventura,
p. 181.

10
Manolo Garcia Florentino,
Em costas negras,
p. 146.

11
This information comes from Henry Chamberlain,
Views and Costumes.
Monetary equivalents derive from Robert Twigger,
Inflation.

12
Manolo Garcia Florentino,
Em costas negras,
p. 125.

13
Ibid, p. 154.

14
For calculations of the mortality rate during the slave trade, see Ronaldo Vainfas,
Dicionário do Brasil colonial,
p. 556, and Manolo Garcia Florentino,
Em costas negras,
pp. 149–154.

15
Manolo Garcia Florentino,
Em costas negras,
p. 149.

16
F. O. Shyllon,
Black Slaves in Britain,
p. 184.

17
Ian Baucom,
Specters of the Atlantic.

18
For more information on the donations and remunerations made to Dom João by slave traffickers, see Manolo Garcia Florentino,
Em costas negras,
pp. 221–222; Jurandir Malerba,
A Corte no exílio,
pp. 231–250; and João Luis Ribeiro Fragoso,
Homens de grossa aventura,
pp. 288–294.

19
Equivalents based on Robert Twigger,
Inflation.

20
Jean Marcel Carvalho França,
Outras visões do Rio de Janeiro colonial,
p. 277.

21
Luiz dos Santos Marrocos,
Cartas,
p. 35.

22
Ibid, p. 440.

23
André João Antonil,
Cultura e opulência do Brasil por suas drogas e minas,
p. 269.

24
Almeida Prado,
Tomas Ender,
p. 34.

25
Jean Marcel Carvalho França,
Visões do Rio de Janeiro Colonial,
p. 154.

26
James Tuckey,
An Account of a Voyage,
pp. 55–56.

27
Sérgio Buarque de Holanda,
Raízes do Brasil,
p. 59.

28
Ernest Ebel,
O Rio de Janeiro e seus arredores,
p. 29.

29
John Luccock,
Notes on Rio de Janeiro,
pp. 64, 106, 201.

30
Leila Mezan Algranti,
O feitor ausente,
pp. 65–73.

31
Silvia Hunold Lara,
Campos da violência,
p. 45.

32
Ibid, pp. 73–77.

33
Cited in Eduardo Dias,
Memórias de forasteiros,
pp. 140–142.

34
James Henderson,
A History of Brazil,
p. 73.

35
Charles Boxer,
The Golden Age of Brazil,
pp. 158–59.

36
Leila Mezan Algranti,
O feitor ausente,
p. 181.

37
Francisco Gracioso and J. Roberto Whitaker Penteado,
Propaganda Brasileira,
p. 23.

38
Theodor von Leithold and Ludwig von Rango,
O Rio de Janeiro,
p. 44.

39
This estimate derives from research conducted by Silvia Hunold Lara into the registers of Vila de São Salvador dos Guaitacazes, a district in the north of the present-day state of Rio de Janeiro, in
Campos da violência,
pp. 295–322.

40
Leila Mezan Algranti,
O feitor ausente,
p. 106.

41
John Mawe,
Travels in the Interior of Brazil,
p. 224.

42
Silvia Hunold Lara,
Campos da violência,
p. 249.

43
Ronaldo Vainfas,
Dicionário do Brasil colonial,
pp. 31, 116.

44
Leila Mezan Algranti,
O feitor ausente,
p. 107.

 

XXI

THE TRAVELERS

 

1
Rubens Borba de Moraes; William Berrien,
Manual bibliográfico de estudos brasileiros,
pp. 592–627, Cited in Leonardo Dantas Silva,
Textos sobre o Recife,
at www.fundaj.gov.br.

2
Almeida Prado,
Tomas Ender,
p. 3.

3
Henry Brackenridge,
Voyage to South America,
volume 1, p. 113.

4
According to Leonardo Dantas Silva,
Textos sobre o Recife,
at www.fundaj.gov.br/docs/rec/rec02.html.

5
Luis Edmundo,
Recordações do Rio Antigo,
pp. 47–50.

6
Ibid, p. 64.

7
Such is the case with Robert Harvey, author of
Cochrane,
used as a reference here.

8
Information about Maria Graham here comes from the introduction to
Journal of a Voyage to Brazil.

9
For more information on the life and work of Henry Koster, see Eduardo Dias,
Memórias de forasteiros,
pp. 30–50.

10
Cited in Warren Dean,
A ferro e fogo,
p. 132.

11
John Mawe,
Travels in the Interior of Brazil,
p. 189.

12
James Henderson,
A History of Brazil,
p. 76.

13
William John Burchell,
Rio de Janeiro's Most Beautiful,
p. 8.

14
Warren Dean,
A ferro e fogo,
p. 141.

15
For more information about Saint-Hilaire's voyage to São Paulo, see Roberto Pompeu de Toledo,
A capital da solidão,
pp. 269, 278.

16
Manuel de Oliveira Lima,
D. João VI no Brasil,
p. 71.

17
Alcide D'Orbigny,
Viagem pitoresca atráves do Brasil,
pp. 51–56.

 

XXII

NAPOLEON'S DOWNFALL

 

1
Cited in Charles Oman,
A History of the Peninsular War,
p. 500.

2
Charles Oman,
A History of the Peninsular War,
p. 8.

3
Patrick Wilcken,
Empire Adrift,
p. 10.

4
Maximilien Foy,
Junot's Invasion of Portugal,
p. 82.

5
According to Oman,
A History of the Peninsular War,
volume I, p. 206, some 25,000 soldiers went with Junot in the first wave in 1807, and 4,000 more went as reinforcements in 1808.

6
Maximilien Foy,
Junot's Invasion of Portugal,
p. 188.

7
Ibid, pp. 98–99.

8
Oman,
A History of the Peninsular War,
p. 106.

9
Gunther E. Rothenberg,
The Napoleonic Wars,
p. 141.

 

XXIII

THE REPUBLIC OF PERNAMBUCO

 

1
One American dollar in 1808 equals about fifteen dollars today according to the Economic History Service, a currency conversion simulator available at MeasuringWorth.com.

2
Humberto França, “Pernambuco e os Estados Unidos,” in
Diário de Pernambuco,
May 2, 2006.

3
Information about the four Bonaparte sympathizers recruited in the United States comes from historian Amaro Quintas, cited by Humberto França, “Pernambuco e os Estados Unidos,” in the
Diário de Pernambuco
of May 2, 2006.

4
Roderick Barman,
Brazil,
p. 61.

5
Cited by Rodolfo Garcia in the notes to Francisco Aldolfo de Varnhagen,
História geral do Brasil,
volume V, 1956, p. 150.

6
Manuel Correia de Andrade,
A Revolução Pernambucana de 1817,
pp. 4–5.

7
Francisco Aldolfo de Varnhagen,
História geral,
p. 152.