Vodka Politics (98 page)

41
. Quoted in Peter Kenez,
Cinema and Soviet Society from the Revolution to the Death of Stalin
(London: I. B. Tauris, 2001), 82. More generally see Seema Rynin Allan,
Comrades and Citizens
(London: Victor Gollancz, 1938), 117; Lewis Siegelbaum and Andrei Sokolov,
Stalinism as a Way of Life
, abridged ed. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2004), 39.

42
. Mariya Degtyareva, “Sobor novomuchenikov, v butovo postradavshikh,” Pravmir.ru, May 21, 2010,
http://www.pravmir.ru/sobor-novomuchenikov-v-butovo-postradavshix-2
(accessed May 12, 2012); Segal,
Drunken Society
, 40; Orlando Figes,
The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin’s Russia
(New York: Metropolitan Books, 2007), 84; David Satter,
It Was a Long Time Ago, and It Never Happened Anyway: Russia and the Communist Past
(New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2011), 59. Exiled kulaks were often given drunken public sendoffs. Sheila Fitzpatrick,
Stalin’s Peasants: Resistance and Survival in the Russian Village after Collectivization
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 58.

43
. Lynne Viola, “The Second Coming: Class Enemies in the Soviet Countryside, 1927–1935,” in
Stalinist Terror: New Perspectives
, ed. J. Arch Getty and Roberta T. Manning (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 65. The great dissident writer Solzhenitsyn describes a similar situation: Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn,
The Gulag Archipelago, 1918–1956
, 3 vols. (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), 3:359.

44
. Alec Nove,
An Economic History of the U.S.S.R
. (Baltimore: Penguin, 1969), 168. See also Piers Brendon,
The Dark Valley: A Panorama of the 1930s
(New York: Random House, 2000), 136.

45
. Report to Kolkhoz Center on collectivization in Belorussia, Sept. 26, 1930, f. 7486s, op. 1, d. 102, ll.226–25 ob, Rossiiskii Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Ekonomiki (RGAE) (Russian State Archive of the Economy), Moscow; cited in Siegelbaum and Sokolov,
Stalinism as a Way of Life
, 49. This too was a repeat of the practices of War Communism. Robert Conquest,
The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 46.

46
. Rappaport,
Joseph Stalin
, 48. On livestock sere Jerry F. Hough and Merle Fainsod,
How the Soviet Union Is Governed
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1979), 151.

47
. Geoffrey Hosking,
The First Socialist Society: A History of the Soviet Union from Within
, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993), 161.

48
. Joseph Stalin, “Golovokruzhenie ot uspekhov. K voprosam kolkhoznogo dvizheniya (2 marta 1930 g.),” in
Sochineniya, tom 12: aprel’ 1929–iyun’ 1930
(Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo politicheskoi literatury, 1952), 199.

49
. Kenez,
History of the Soviet Union
, 117; Transchel,
Under the Influence
, 152.

50
. Tom Brokaw,
The Greatest Generation
(New York: Random House, 1998), xxxviii.

51
. Vadim Erlikhman,
Poteri narodonaseleniya v XX veke
(Moscow: Russkaya panorama, 2004), 20–21; Anne Leland and Mari-Jana Oboroceanu, “
American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
” (Washington D.C.: Congressional Research Service, 2010), 2,
http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL32492.pdf
(accessed July 28, 2011).

52
. Lilian T. Mowrer,
Rip Tide of Aggression
(New York: William Morrow & Co., 1942), 165; Aleksandr Nikishin,
Vodka i Stalin
(Moscow: Dom Russkoi Vodki, 2006), 170–71.

53
. Quoted in Gabriel Gorodetsky,
Grand Delusion: Stalin and the German Invasion of Russia
(New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1999), 198.

54
. Quoted in ibid.

55
. Robert Gellately,
Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe
(New York: Vintage Books, 2007), 429.

56
. Charles W. Sutherland,
Disciples of Destruction
(Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1987), 354; Bob Carroll,
The Battle of Stalingrad
(San Diego, Calif.: Lucent Books, 1997), 42.

57
. Segal,
Drunken Society
, 73.

58
. Constantine Pleshakov,
Stalin’s Folly: The Tragic First Ten Days of World War II on the Eastern Front
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2005), 11.

59
. For wartime vodka production figures, see Nikishin,
Vodka i Stalin
, 226; Segal,
Drunken Society
, 71; Dmitri Volkogonov,
Autopsy for an Empire: The Seven Leaders Who Built the Soviet Regime
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999), 119; Takala,
Veselie Rusi
, 245–49. See also
chapter 22
.

60
. Quoted in Laurence Rees,
War of the Century: When Hitler Fought Stalin
(New York: New Press, 1999), 86.

61
. Bradley Lightbody,
The Second World War: Ambitions to Nemesis
(London: Routledge, 2004), 109.

62
. Segal,
Drunken Society
, 73.

63
. “British Open ‘Second-Best Front’ in Hot Libyan Desert as Nazis Smash at Moscow in Winter Gales,”
Life
, Dec. 1, 1941, 30.

64
. Anthony Eden,
The Reckoning, vol. 2 of the Memoirs of Anthony Eden
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965), 350–51. On Voroshilov see Hugh Dalton,
The Second World War Diary of Hugh Dalton, 1940–45
, ed. Ben Pimlott (London: Cape, 1986), 341.

65
. Geoffrey Roberts,
Stalin’s Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953
(New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2006), 131.

66
. Personal communication reported in Segal,
Drunken Society
, 74.

67
. Yitzhak Arad,
In the Shadow of the Red Banner: Soviet Jews in the War against Nazi Germany
(Jerusalem: Gefen, 2010), 180.

68
. Segal,
Drunken Society
, 75.

69
. Erlikhman,
Poteri narodonaseleniya v XX veke
; Robert Conquest,
The Great Terror: A Reassessment, 40th Anniversary Edition
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), xvi.

70
. Joseph Stalin, “Vystuplenie tovarishcha I. V. Stalina na priyome v kremle v chest’ komanduyushchikh voiskami Krasnoi Armii (24 maya 1945),” in
O Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine Sovetskogo Soyuza
(Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo politicheskoi literatury, 1946), 173–74. Also see Robert Service,
Comrades! A History of World Communism
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2007), 224.

Chapter 16

1
. Peter Kenez,
A History of the Soviet Union from the Beginning to the End
, 2nd ed. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 166–71.

2
. Max Hayward and Edward L. Crowley, eds.,
Soviet Literature in the Sixties: An International Symposium
(New York: Praeger, 1964), 191.

3
. David Burg and George Feifer,
Solzhenitsyn
(New York: Stein & Day, 1972), 49. See also Michael Scammell,
Solzhenitsyn: A Biography
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1984), 431, 604.

4
. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, “Matryona’s House (1959),” in
Stories and Prose Poems
(New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1970), 35–40.

5
. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn,
The Cancer Ward
, trans. Rebecca Frank (New York: Dial, 1968), 267–68.

6
. Ibid., 209.

7
. Alexander Elder,
Rubles to Dollars: Making Money on Russia’s Exploding Financial Frontier
(New York: New York Institute of Finance, 1999), 70–71.

8
. Donald Trelford, “A Walk in the Woods with Gromyko,”
Observer
, April 2, 1989, 23. See also Anatoly Dobrynin,
In Confidence: Moscow’s Ambassador to America’s Six Cold War Presidents (1962–1986
) (New York: Times Books, 1995), 281.

9
. Anatoly S. Chernyaev, “The Unknown Brezhnev,”
Russian Politics and Law
42, no. 3 (2004): 47.

10
. David Aikman,
Great Souls: Six Who Changed the Century
(Boston: Lexington Books, 2003), 177. See also Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn,
Invisible Allies
(Washington, D.C.: Counterpoint, 1995).

11
. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn,
Letter to the Soviet Leaders
(New York: Harper & Row, 1974), 34–35.

12
. Ibid., 41. See also Donald R. Kelley,
The Solzhenitsyn–Sakharov Dialogue: Politics, Society, and the Future
(Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1982), 91; Christopher Moody,
Solzhenitsyn
, rev. ed. (New York: Harper & Row, 1975), 27d.

13
. Andrei Sakharov,
Memoirs
, trans. Richard Lourie (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1990), 650. See also Jay Bergman,
Meeting the Demands of Reason: The Life and Thought of Andrei Sakharov
(Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2009), 183.

14
. Andrei Sakharov,
Sakharov Speaks
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1974), 42–43, 148. See also Andrei Sakharov,
My Country and the World
, trans. Guy V. Daniels (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1976), 23, 44.

15
. Sakharov,
Memoirs
, 54.

16
. Ibid., 274; see also 109, 362, 480, 506.

17
. Ibid., 506. This echoes the anti-alcohol sentiments conveyed in his 1970 plea to Brezhnev. Denny Vågerö, “Alexandr Nemtsov’s Pioneering Work on Alcohol in Modern Soviet and Russian History,” in
A Contemporary History of Alcohol in Russia
, ed. Aleksandr Nemtsov (Stockholm: Södertörns högskola, 2011), 18.

18
. Andrei Sakharov, “Sakharov’s Reply to Solzhenitsyn,”
War/Peace Report
13, no. 2 (1974): 3. They were hardly alone in this respect, as Oliver Bullough shows in his investigation of dissident priest Father Dmitri Dudko, who likewise railed against the alcoholic system. Oliver Bullough,
The Last Man in Russia: The Struggle to Save a Dying Nation
(New York: Basic Books, 2013), 83–88.

19
. Alexander Nazaryan, “Susan Orlean, David Rembick, Ethan Hawke, and Others Pick Their Favorite Obscure Books,”
Village Voice
, Dec. 3, 2008,
http://www.villagevoice.com/2008–12-03/books/susan-orlean-david-remnick-ethan-hawke-and-others-pick-their-favorite-obscure-books
(accessed Aug. 8, 2011). Apparently Venedikt Vasilievich is of no relation to the other two V. Erofeyevs mentioned thus far in this book: Viktor and Vladimir. 20.
VenediktErofeyev, Moscowto the End of the Line
(New York: Taplinger Publishing, 1980), 24.

20
. Venedikt Erofeyev,
Moscow to the End of the Line
(New York: Taplinger Publishing, 1980), 24.

21
. Ibid., 35–36.

22
. I. I. Lukomskii, “Alcoholism,” in
Bol’shaia sovetskaia entsiklopediia
, ed. A. M. Prokhorov (New York: MacMillan, 1973), 218. See also Walter Connor, “Alcohol and Soviet Society,”
Slavic Review
30, no. 3 (1971): 571.

23
. A. Krasikov, “Commodity Number One (Part 1),” in
The Samizdat Register
, ed. Roy A. Medvedev (New York: W. W. Norton, 1977), 102.

24
. Cullen Murphy, “Watching the Russians,”
Atlantic Monthly
, February 1983, 48–49.

25
. From
Poiski
No. 3 (1978); quoted in Mikhail Baitalsky,
Notebooks for the Grandchildren: Recollections of a Trotskyist Who Survived the Stalin Terror
, trans. Marilyn Vogt-Downey (Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press, 1995), 431. Other biographical details are drawn from ibid., xii–xiii.

26
. Tat’yana Prot’ko,
V bor’be za trezvost’: Stranitsy istorii
(Minsk: Nauka i tekhnika, 1988), 130. Baitalsky bans drinking in his own home in
Notebooks for the Grandchildren
, 105.

27
. Krasikov, “Commodity Number One (Part 1),” 94–95. On the disappearance of Soviet infant mortality statistics see Christopher Davis and Murray Feshbach, “Rising Infant Mortality in the USSR in the 1970s,” in
United States Bureau of the Census
, Series P-95, No. 74 (Washington, D.C.: US Bureau of the Census, September 1980), 4.

28
. See also Krasikov, “Commodity Number One (Part 1),” 101.

29
. A. Krasikov, “Tovar nomer odin (II),” in
Dvadtsatyi vek: Obshchestvenno-politicheskii i literaturnyi al’manakh
, ed. Roy A. Medvedev (London: TCD Publications, 1977), 118–19; A. Krasikov, “Commodity Number One (Part 2),” in
The Samizdat Register
, ed. Roy A. Medvedev (New York: W. W. Norton, 1981), 175–76. On homebrew see: Arkadii T. Filatov,
Alkogolizm vyzvannyi upotrebleniem samogona
(Kiev: Zdorovya, 1979).