Vodka Politics (95 page)

10
. Joshua A. Sanborn, “The Mobilization of 1914 and the Question of the Russian Nation: A Reexamination,”
Slavic Review
59, no. 2 (2000): 277.

11
. GARF, f. 102, op. 1914, d. 138, l.116.

12
. Quoted in Marc Ferro,
Nicholas II: Last of the Tsars
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 71.

13
. Sanborn,
Drafting the Russian Nation
, 30–32, 214; Vladimir I. Gurko,
Features and Figures of the Past: Government and Opinion in the Reign of Nicholas II
, trans. Laura Matveev (Palo Alto, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1939), 537.

14
. Francis B. Reeves,
Russia Then and Now: 1892–1917
(New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1917), 110.

15
. GARF, f. 579, op. 1, d. 2598, l. 1; GARF, f. 579, op. 1, d. 2549, l.1–2. See also Stephen P. Frank,
Crime, Cultural Conflict, and Justice in Rural Russia, 1856–1914
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), 296; A. S. Rappoport,
Home Life in Russia
(New York: Macmillan, 1913), 94.

16
. Bark, “Memoirs,” chap. 10, pp. 1–2, 8–16; Sergei G. Belyaev,
P.L. Bark i finansovaya politika Rossii, 1914–1917 gg
. (St. Petersburg: Izdatel’stvo S.-Peterburgskogo universiteta, 2002), 162–64. See also Alexander M. Michelson, “Revenue and Expenditure,” in
Russian Public Finance during the War
, ed. Alexander M. Michelson, Paul Apostol, and Michael Bernatzky (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1928), 146–52.

17
. Bark, “Memoirs,” chap. 10, pp. 16, 21–22.

18
. See, for instance, the report of A. Shingarev of the Finance Ministry on “War, Temperance and Finances” in GARF, f. 579, op. 1, d. 2547, 1.1.

19
. Mikhail P. Ironshnikov, Lyudmila A. Protsai, and Yuri B. Shelayev,
The Sunset of the Romanov Dynasty
(Moscow: Terra, 1992), 192; Bernard Pares,
The Fall of the Russian Monarchy
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1939), 459–71; Tsuyoshi Hasegawa,
The February Revolution: Petrograd, 1917
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1981), 503–7.

20
. Of the voluminous theoretical literature on revolutions see Jack Goldstone, “Toward a Fourth Generation of Revolutionary Theory,”
Annual Review of Political Science
4 (2001); Eric Selbin, “Revolution in the Real World: Bringing Agency Back In,” in
Theorizing Revolutions
, ed. John Foran (London: Routledge, 1997); Theda Skocpol,
Social Revolutions in the Modern World
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994) and
States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia and China
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979).

21
. See, for instance, Arthur Mendel, “On Interpreting the Fate of Imperial Russia,” in
Russia under the Last Tsar
, ed. Theofanis George Stavrou (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1969); Mark von Hagen, “The Russian Empire,” in
After Empire: Multiethnic Societies and Nation-Building
, ed. Karen Barkey and Mark von Hagen (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1997).

22
. Kate Transchel,
Under the Influence: Working-Class Drinking, Temperance, and Cultural Revolution in Russia, 1895–1932
(Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2006), 70.

23
. GARF, f. 601, (
Imperator Nikolai II
), op. 1, d. 991, l.1–2. On the flood of media support for prohibition see Gordon, Russian Prohibition, 41; Robert Hercod,
La prohibition de l’alcool en Russie
(Westerville, Ohio: American Issue, 1919), 5.

24
. D. N. Voronov,
O samogone
(Moscow, 1929), 6; cited in Transchel,
Under the Influence
, 70. On moonshine, surrogates, and poisonings see: GARF, f. 1779, op. 1, d. 716, l. 1b, 41; Andrei M. Anfimov,
Rossiiskaia derevnia v gody pervoi mirovoi voiny: 1914–fevral’ 1917 G
. (Moscow: Izdatel’stvo sotsial’no-ekonomicheskoi literatury, 1962), 243; V. Bekhterev, “Russia without Vodka,” in
The Soul of Russia
, ed. Winifred Stephens (London: Macmillan, 1916), 273; Ol’ga A. Chagadaeva, “‘Sukhoi zakon’ v rossiiskoi imperii v gody pervoid mirovoi voiny (po materialam Moskvy i Petrograda),” in:
Alkogol’ v Rossii: Materialy vtoroi mezhdunarodnoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii
(Ivanovo, 28–29 oktyabrya 2011), ed. Nikolai V. Dem’yanenko (Ivanovo: Filial RGGU vg. Ivanovo, 2011), 83–4; David Christian, “Prohibition in Russia 1914–1925,”
Australian Slavonic and East European Studies
9, no. 2 (1995): 102; Mikhail Friedman, “The Drink Question in Russia,” in
Russia: Its Trade and Commerce
, ed. Arthur Raffalovich (London: P. S. King & Son, 1918), 439, 47; Hasegawa,
February Revolution
, 201.

25
. Doreen Stanford,
Siberian Odyssey
(New York: E. P. Dutton, 1964), 31.

26
. J. Y. Simpson,
The Self-Discovery of Russia
(London: Constable & Co., 1916), 84.

27
. Dmitry Shlapentokh, “Drunkenness in the Context of Political Culture: The Case of Russian Revolutions,”
International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy
14, no. 8 (1994): 38. See also Dmitry Shlapentokh, “Drunkenness and Anarchy in Russia: A Case of Political Culture,”
Russian History/Histoire Russe
18, no. 4 (1991): 477.

28
. Shlapentokh, “Drunkenness and Anarchy in Russia,” 483. Ironically, in a battle with the Prussians in 1758, Russian forces allegedly lost a battle after drinking a large alcohol supply, leading to the capture of some twenty thousand soldiers. Boris Segal,
Russian Drinking: Use and Abuse of Alcohol in Pre-Revolutionary Russia
(New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers Center of Alcohol Studies, 1987), 75.

29
. Dmitri P. Os’kin,
Zapiski soldata
(Moscow: Federatsiya, 1929), 274–76. See also Karen Petrone,
The Great War in Russian Memory
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011), 101. More generally see “Soldatskie pis’ma v gody mirovoi voiny, s predisloviem O. Chaadaevoi,”
Krasnyi arkhiv
4–5, no. 65–66 (1934): 118–63.

30
. Emile Vandervelde,
Three Aspects of the Russian Revolution
(London: George Allen & Unwin, 1918), 131–32.

31
. GARF, f. 1779, op. 1, d. 705, l. 5; GARF, f. 1779, op. 2, d. 299, l.1–7; GARF, f. 6996 (Ministerstvo Finansov Vremennogo Pravitelistva, 1917), op. 1, d. 293, l.5, 6, 17, 28, 33–38; GARF, f. 6996, op. 1, d. 296, l.17; GARF, f. 6996, op. 1, d. 299, l.5; GARF, f. 6996, op. 1, d. 300, l.1–244

32
. Shlapentokh, “Drunkenness and Anarchy in Russia,” 482.

33
.
The Russian Diary of an Englishman: Petrograd, 1915–1917
(New York: Robert M. McBride & Co., 1919), 15.

34
. W. Arthur McKee, “Taming the Green Serpent: Alcoholism, Autocracy, and Russian Society, 1881–1914” (Ph.D. diss., University of California, Berkeley, 1997), 534.

35
. Allan Wildman, “The February Revolution in the Russian Army,”
Soviet Studies
22, no. 1 (1970).

36
. GARF, f. 579 (Milyukov, Pavel Nikolaevich), op. 1, d. 2547 (Tezisy k dokladu A. I. Shingareva “Voina, trezvost’ i finansy”), l.1; for an English translation see Michael T. Florinsky,
The End of the Russian Empire
(New York: Collier Books, 1961), 44.

37
. W. Arthur McKee, “Sukhoi zakon v gody pervoi mirovoi voiny: Prichiny, kontseptsiya i posled-stviya vvedeniya sukhogo zakona v Rossii: 1914–1917 gg.,” in
Rossiya i pervaya mirovaya voina (Materialy mezhdunarodnogo nauchnogo kollokviuma
) (St. Petersburg: Izdatel’stvo ‘Dmitrii Bulanin’, 1999), 149; M. Bogolepoff, “Public Finance,” in
Russia: Its Trade and Commerce
, ed. Arthur Raffalovich (London: P. S. King & Son, 1918), 346; Olga Crisp,
Studies in the Russian Economy before 1914
(New York: Barnes & Noble, 1976), 27; Alexis Raffalovich, “Some Effects of the War on the Economic Life of Russia,”
Economic Journal
27, no. 105 (1917).
On the decrease in revenues see Alexander M. Michelson, “Revenue and Expenditure,” in
Russian Public Finance during the War
, ed. Alexander M. Michelson, Paul Apostol, and Michael Bernatzky (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1928), 45; R. W. Davies,
Development of the Soviet Budgetary System
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1958), 65.

38
. Transchel,
Under the Influence
, 72. On contemporary alarms see Sergei N. Prokopovich,
Voina i narodnoe khozyaistvo
, 2nd ed. (Moscow: Tipografiya N.A. Sazonovoi, 1918), 115.

39
. GARF, f. 579 (Milyukov, Pavel Nikolaevich), op. 1, d. 2547 (Tezisy k dokladu A. I. Shingareva “Voina, trezvost’ i finansy”), 1.1

40
. See, for instance, Boris Bakhmeteff, “War and Finance in Russia,”
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
75 (1918): 192–98. On Bark’s (and Witte’s) public pronouncements belittling the financial impact of prohibition, see Marr Murray,
Drink and the War from the Patriotic Point of View
(London: Chapman & Hall, 1915), 16–17; Newton,
Alcohol and the War
, 10–11; Arthur Sherwell,
The Russian Vodka Monopoly
(London: S. King & Son, 1915), 7. On the continued faith in the solvency of the imperial treasury despite all evidence to the contrary see Peter L. Bark, “Doklad P. L. Barka Nikolayu II o rospisi dokhodov i raskhodov na 1917 god, s predisloviem B. A. Romanova,”
Krasnyi arkhiv
26, no. 4 (1926); Bogolepoff, “Public Finance,” 348; Friedman, “The Drink Question in Russia,” 449; Stephen Graham,
Russia in 1916
(New York: Macmillan, 1917), 120–25; D. N. Voronov,
Zhizn’ derevni v dni trezvosti
(St. Petersburg: Gosudarstvennaya tipografiya, 1916). Some have cited the so-called accounting effect (
bukhgalterskii effekt
), whereby war expenditures were kept separate from the normal operating budget, as the root of the financial problem. “Finansovoe polozhenie Rossii pered oktyabr’skoi revolutsiei, s predisloviem B. A. Romanova,”
Krasnyi arkhiv
25, no. 6 (1927): 4–5.

41
. Quoted in: Vladimir N. Kokovtsov,
Out of My Past: The Memoirs of Count Kokovtsov
, trans. Laura Matveev (Palo Alto, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1935), 473.

42
. Bark, “Memoirs,” chap. 10, pp. 29–30.

43
. Aleksandr P. Pogrebinskii,
Ocherki istorii finanasov dorevolyutsionnoi Rossii (XIX–XX vv
.) (Moscow: Gosfinizdat, 1954), 126–28.

44
. Michelson, “Revenue and Expenditure,” 35.

45
. See, for instance, GARF, f. 1779, op. 1, d. 705, l.5.

46
. On the Bukhov case see GARF, f. 6996, op. 1, d. 345, l.8, 28. For additional cases from Voronezh, Ekaterinoslav, Tomsk, and other
gubernii
see GARF, f. 6996, op. 1, d. 345, l.9–21 and 39–46.

47
. Anton M. Bol’shakov,
Derevnya, 1917–1927
(Moscow: Rabotnik prosveshcheniya, 1927), 338.

48
. GARF, f. 6996, op. 1, d. 346, l.5–397, esp. 51–52; Christian, “Prohibition in Russia 1914–1925,” 107.

49
. GARF, f. 1779, op. 1, d. 705, l.5; GARF, f. 1779, op. 2, d. 299, l.1–7; GARF, f. 6996 (Ministerstvo Finansov Vremennogo Pravitelistva, 1917), op. 1, d. 293, l.5, 6, 17, 28, 33–38; GARF, f. 6996, op. 1, d. 296, l.17; GARF, f. 6996, op. 1, d. 299, l.2–376; GARF, f. 6996, op. 1, d. 300, l.1–245; GARF f. 6996, op. 1, d. 340, l.1–4; GARF, f. 6996, op. 1, d. 342, l.1–8.

50
. Orlando Figes,
A People’s Tragedy: The Russian Revolution, 1891–1924
(New York: Viking, 1996), 307; Patricia Herlihy,
The Alcoholic Empire: Vodka and Politics in Late Imperial Russia
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 142–44; Kimitaka Matsuzato, “Interregional Conflicts and the Collapse of Tsarism: The Real Reason for the Food Crisis in Russia after the Autumn of 1916,” in
Emerging Democracy in Late Imperial Russia
, ed. Mary Schaeffer Conroy (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1998), 244.

51
. “The Distressed Condition of the Russian Alcohol Industry,”
Pure Products
11, no. 6 (1915): 279.

52
. GARF, f. 1779, op. 1, d. 706, l.1–16; GARF, f. 6996, op. 1, d. 343, l.14, 27, 46; GARF, f. 6996, op. 1, d. 344, l.1–8.

53
. Graham,
Russia in 1916
, 130.

54
. “The Distressed Condition of the Russian Alcohol Industry,” 279. It is doubtful that these plans were ever realized, as the Russians were pushed out of Galicia in the summer of 1915. It is evidence of gentry distillers’ plans to sell alcohol during prohibition and the willingness of the state to assist them.

55
. GARF, f. 6996, op. 1, d. 343, l.50, 69–71, 87.

56
. Arkadii L. Sidorov,
Ekonomicheskoe polozhenie Rossii nakanune velikoi oktyabr’skoi sotsial-isticheskoi revolutsii: Dokumenty i materialy
, 3 vols. (Moscow: Izdatel’stvo akademii nauk SSSR, 1967), 3:131. On continued private distillation see: Alexis Antsiferov et al.,
Russian Agriculture during the War
(New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1930), 164. On the traditional trade between peasants and distillers see Francis Palmer,
Russian Life in Town and Country
(New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1901), 86–88.