Vodka Politics (90 page)

78
. Ledeneva,
Can Russia Modernise?
252–55. Different perspectives of Putin’s ongoing anti-corruption campaign are provided in “Is Russia’s Anti-Corruption Drive the Real Thing?” Voice of Russia Weekly Experts’ Panel–13, Feb. 12, 2013,
http://english.ruvr.ru/experts13
(accessed Feb. 15, 2013).

Chapter 9

1
. See, for instance: Charles Tilly,
Coercion, Capital and European States, AD 990–1990
(Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1990), 65–95.

2
. Geoffrey Hosking,
Russia: People and Empire, 1552–1917
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997), 103; Arcadius Kahan,
The Plow, the Hammer and the Knout
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985), 316; David Christian,
Living Water: Vodka and Russian Society on the Eve of Emancipation
(Oxford: Clarendon, 1990), 186.

3
. Janet Hartley, “Provincial and Local Government,” in
Cambridge History of Russia: Imperial Russia, 1689–1917
, ed. Dominic Lieven (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 473;
Sergei M. Troitskii,
Finansovaia politika russkago absoliutizma v XVIII veke
(Moscow: Nauka, 1966), 53.

4
. Kahan,
Plow, the Hammer and the Knout
, 319–20; John P. LeDonne, “Indirect Taxes in Catherine’s Russia, I: The Salt Code of 1781,”
Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas
23 (1975): 162–63.

5
. John P. LeDonne, “Indirect Taxes in Catherine’s Russia, II: The Liquor Monopoly,”
Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas
24, no. 2 (1976): 203.

6
. Ibid; Troitskii,
Finansovaia politika
, 214.

7
. Sergei F. Platonov,
Ivan the Terrible
, trans. Joseph Wieczynski (Gulf Breeze, Fla.: Academic International, 1974), 118; Johann Danckaert,
Beschrijvinge van Moscovien ofte Rusland
(Amsterdam, 1615), 63; cited in James Billington,
The Icon and the Axe: An Interpretive History of Russian Culture
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1966), 86; Isabel de Madariaga,
Ivan the Terrible: First Tsar of Russia
(New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2005), 221.

8
. Samuel H. Baron, ed.,
The Travels of Olearius in Seventeenth-Century Russia
(Palo Alto, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1967), 143.

9
. William Coxe,
Travels in Poland, Russia, Sweden and Denmark, Interspersed with Historical Relations and Political Inquiries
, 3 vols. (Dublin: S. Price, 1784), 3:63–66.

10
. Robert Ker Porter, “Excerpts from ‘Travelling Sketches in Russia and Sweden’,” in
Seven Britons in Imperial Russia: 1698–1812
, ed. Peter Putnam (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1952), 312–13.

11
. Hannibal Evans Lloyd,
Alexander I: Emperor of Russia; or, a Sketch of His Life, and of the Most Important Events of His Reign
(London: Treuttel & Würtz, 1826), 118–19.

12
. Frederick Douglass,
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass: An American Slave
[1845] (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 74–76. Many thanks to Emmanuel Akyeampong for this reference.

13
. Astolphe Custine, marquis de,
Empire of the Czar: A Journey through Eternal Russia: 1839
(New York: Doubleday, 1989), 437.

14
. Baron August Freiherr Haxthausen,
The Russian Empire: Its People, Institutions, and Resources
, trans. Robert Faire, 2 vols. (London: Chapman & Hall, 1856), 2:174–75, 408–09. Also see Hosking,
Russia
, 106.

15
. Audronė Janužyte, “Historians as Nation State-Builders: The Formation of Lithuanian University, 1904–1922” (academic diss., University of Tampere, 2005), 22. Likewise see Piotr S. Alekseev,
O p’yanstve s predisloviem gr. L. N. Tolstago
(Moscow: 1891), 93.

16
. Alexis de Tocqueville,
Democracy in America
, ed. Richard D. Heffner, abridged ed. (New York: Mentor Books, 1956), 201. On the history of the transnational temperance movement see Mark Lawrence Schrad,
The Political Power of Bad Ideas: Networks, Institutions, and the Global Prohibition Wave
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 31–61.

17
. Henry M. Baird,
The Life of the Rev. Robert Baird, D.D
. (New York: A. D. F. Randolph, 1866), 195. See also Baird’s correspondence from St. Petersburg to the American Sunday School Union, Oct. 20, 1840, in the Presbyterian Historical Society, American Sunday School Union Papers, 1817–1915, reel 45 series I, C:1840B, no. 200–202. On “religious sects” see Dawson Burns,
Temperance History: A Consecutive Narrative of the Rise, Development and Extension of the Temperance Reform
, (London: National Temperance Publication Depot, 1889), 120, 255; Eustace Clare Grenville Murray,
The Russians of To-Day
(London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1878), 19.

18
. Egidijus Aleksandravičcius,
Lietuviųu atgimimo istorijos studijos, tom 2: Blaivybė Lietuvoje XIX amziuje
(Vilnius: Sietynas, 1991), 61. On Bishop Motiejus Valančius and temperance in Kaunas guberniia see Janužyte, “Historians as Nation State-Builders,” 21. In Poland and western Ukraine see Boris Savchuk,
Korchma: alkogol’na politika i rukh tverezosti v Zakhidnii Ukraini u XIX - 30-kh rokakh XX st.
(Ivano-Frankivs’k, Ukraine: Lileya-NV, 2001), 138–230. See also Barbara J. Falk,
The Dilemma of Dissidence in East-Central Europe
(Budapest: CEU Press, 2003), 18; Patrick Rogers,
Father Theobald Mathew: Apostle of Temperance
(Dublin: Browne & Nolan, 1943).

19
. AleksandraviĆius,
Blaivybė Lietuvoje XIX amžiuje,
72; Christian,
Living Water
.

20
. Christian,
Living Water
, 295; David Christian, “A Neglected Great Reform: The Abolition of Tax Farming in Russia,” in
Russia’s Great Reforms, 1855–1881
, ed. Ben Eklof, John Bushnell, and Larissa Zakharova (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994), 105.

21
. Christian,
Living Water
, 325–26; derived from reports in
Svedeniya
2:235–237.

22
. V. A. Fedorov, “Liquor Tax Rebellion (Trezvennoe dvizhenie),” in
Bol’shaia sovetskaia entsiklopediia
, ed. A. M. Prokhorov (New York: Macmillan, 1981), 101.

23
. Ivan Pryzhov,
Istoriya kabakov v Rossii
(Moscow: Molodiya sily, 1914), 50–51; John Stearns,
Temperance in All Nations: History of the Cause in All Countries of the Globe
(New York: National Temperance Society and Publication House, 1893), 329–33.

24
. D. MacKenzie Wallace,
Russia
(New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1877), 99. See also R. E. F. Smith and David Christian,
Bread and Salt: A Social and Economic History of Food and Drink in Russia
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 93.

25
.
Moskovskie vedomosti
, no. 62, March 13, 1859; translated in Christian,
Living Water
, 314.

26
. Murray,
Russians of To-Day
, 29–30. Similarly, see Fedorov, “Liquor Tax Rebellion (
Trezvennoe dvizhenie
),”, 101.

27
. Quoted in Christian,
Living Water
, 348.

28
. Fedorov, “Liquor Tax Rebellion (
Trezvennoe dvizhenie
)” 101.

29
. Christian, “A Neglected Great Reform,” 107–9; Aleksandr P. Pogrebinskii, “Finansovaya reforma nachala 60-kh godov XIX veka v Rossii,”
Voprosi istorii
, no. 10 (1951): 78–82; W. Bruce Lincoln,
The Great Reforms: Autocracy, Bureaucracy, and the Politics of Change in Imperial Russia
(Dekalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1990), 62; Walter McKenzie Pinter,
Russian Economic Policy under Nicholas I
(Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1967), 78.

30
. Translated in Christian,
Living Water
, 357. See also ibid., 349; Christian, “A Neglected Great Reform,” 108.

31
. Quoted in: Christian,
Living Water
, 349.

32
. Ibid., 350.

33
. Ibid., 361–64; Irina R. Takala,
Veselie Rusi: Istoriia alkogol’noi problemy v Rossii
(St. Petersburg: Zhurnal Neva, 2002), 92–93.

34
. Mikhail Fridman,
Vinnaya monopoliya, tom 2: Vinnaya monopoliya v Rossii
, 2 vols. (Petrograd: Pravda, 1916), 2:70–75; P. V. Berezin,
Na sluzhbe zlomu delu
(Moscow: I. N. Kyshnerev i Ko., 1900); Christian,
Living Water
, 374–79; Pinter,
Russian Economic Policy under Nicholas I
, 78–80.

35
. Fridman,
Vinnaya monopoliya
, tom 2, 2:65–66. Perhaps the most detailed investigation of consumption is V. K. Dmitriev,
Kriticheskie issledovaniya o potreblenii alkogolya v Rossii
(Moscow: V. P. Ryabushinskii, 1911). See also Stanislav I. Smetanin and Mikhail V. Konotopov,
Razvitie promyshlennosti v krepostnoi Rossii
(Moscow: Akademicheskii proect, 2001), 184–90.

36
. See Switzerland Bureau fédéral de statistique,
Question de l’alcoolisme. Exposé comparatif des lois et des expériences de Quelques états étrangers, par le Bureau fédéral de statistique
(Berne: Imprimerie K.-J. Wyss, 1884), esp. 672.

37
. Murray,
Russians of To-Day
, 30–33.

38
. Luigi Villari,
Russia under the Great Shadow
(New York: James Pott & Co., 1905), 250.

39
. Georg Brandes,
Impressions of Russia
, trans. Samuel C. Eastman (Boston: C. J. Peters & Son, 1889), 144.

Chapter 10

1
. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels,
The Communist Manifesto
(New York: International Publishers, 1948), 9.

2
. On the state see ibid., 11. On religion see Karl Marx,
Critique of Hegel’s ‘Philosophy of Right
’ (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1970), 131.

3
. See also Joseph R. Gusfield, “Social Structure and Moral Reform: A Study of the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union,”
American Journal of Sociology
61, no. 3 (1955): 225. I have found no evidence that the passage originated with Karl Marx himself. Frank Harris,
Oscar Wilde: His Life and Confessions
, vol. 1 (New York: Brentano’s Publishers, 1916), 166.

4
. Karl Marx,
Capital, vol. 3: The Process of Capitalist Production as a Whole
(New York: Penguin Classics, 1991), 927.

5
. Friedrich Engels,
The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844
(London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co., 1892), 127–29.

6
. David Christian, “Accumulation and Accumulators: The Metaphor Marx Muffled,”
Science and Society
54, no. 2 (1990), and,
Living Water: Vodka and Russian Society on the Eve of Emancipation
(Oxford: Clarendon, 1990), 37.

7
. Orlando Figes,
A People’s Tragedy: The Russian Revolution, 1891–1924
(New York: Viking, 1996), 129; Franz Mehring,
Karl Marx: The Story of His Life
(London: Routledge, 2003), 407; M. Grigoryan, “N. G. Chernyshevsky’s World Outlook,” in
N. G. Chernyshevsky: Selected Philosophical Essays
(Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1953), 9.

8
. Figes,
A People’s Tragedy
, 135.

9
. “Koe chto ob otkupakh,
Kolokol
list 10, 1 marta 1858 g.,” in
Kolokol: Gazeta A. I. Gertsena i N. P. Ogareva
(Moscow: Izdatel’stvo Akademii nauk SSSR, 1962), 79.

10
. Ibid; Baron August Freiherr Haxthausen,
The Russian Empire: Its People, Institutions, and Resources
, trans. Robert Faire, 2 vols. (London: Chapman & Hall, 1856), 2:174–75; Geoffrey Hosking,
Russia: People and Empire, 1552–1917
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997), 105–6. On “coercion-intensive” statecraft see Charles Tilly,
Coercion, Capital and European States, AD 990–1990
(Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1990), 87–91.

11
. Perhaps the sapient reader will agree. Joseph Frank,
Through the Russian Prism: Essays on Literature and Culture
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990), 187. See also Andrew M. Drozd,
Chernyshevskii’s What Is to Be Done?: A Reevaluation
(Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 2001), 13.

12
. Figes,
A People’s Tragedy
, 129.

13
. Marshall Berman,
All That Is Solid Melts into Air: The Experience of Modernity
(New York: Verso, 1983), 215–16.