Stalin and His Hangmen (98 page)

Stalin, Vasili (Stalin’s son),
14
,
416

Stalin White Sea-Baltic Canal, The
,
213

Stalingrad (
earlier
Tsaritsyn),
85
–7,
396
–7

Stanislavsky, Konstantin,
166

Starovoitova, Galina,
457

Stasova, Elena,
105
,
258

Stavsky, Vladimir,
216
,
318
,
323
,
353
,
480

Stockholm,
29
,
61
,
261

Stolypin, Piotr,
31
–2,
150

Styrne, Vladimir,
xx

Sudetenland,
401

Sudoplatov, Pavel,
366
,
373
,
402
,
417
,
454
,
483
,
485

Sukhanov, Dmitri,
432

Sukhum,
92
,
291
,
293
,
337
,
448

Surits, Iakov,
353

Surta, Ivan,
119

Suslov, Mikhail,
391
,
431

Suvorov, General Aleksandr,
372

Svaars, Fritz,
69

Svanidze, Aliosha,
461

Svanidze, Kato: Stalin’s relations and marriage with,
28
–9,
45
; death,
30
,
43

Svanidze family,
28

Sverdlov, Andrei,
347
,
470

Sverdlov, Iakov: Stalin meets,
28
; released from prison,
31
; arrested and exiled,
40
–2; ruthlessness,
49
; Jewishness,
72
; and Iagoda,
200
,
202
; possible coup,
463

Svetlov, Mikhail,
317

Sviatopolk-Mirsky, Prince Dmitri,
213
,
215
,
471

Sviatopolk-Mirsky, Piotr,
32

Swianiewicz, Stanisław,
366

Swift, Jonathan,
272
,
357

Syndicate-2 (organization),
138

Syrtsov, Sergei,
229
–30,
233

Tabidze, Galaktion,
340
,
342
,
479

Tabidze, Titsian,
340
,
343

‘Tactical Centre’,
113
–14

Tagantsev, Vladimir,
112
–14,
118

Tairov, Aleksandr,
321

Talakhadze (Beria’s bodyguard),
344

Tambov,
82

Tampere, Finland,
28

Tarkovsky, Andrei:
Mirror
(film),
226

Tarle, Evgeni,
169
–70

Tatarescu, Gheorghe,
401

Tatars: resist anti-kulak campaign,
180
; Crimean,
394
,
398

Tbilisi,
3
,
10
,
13
,
18
–19,
24
,
26
–7,
29
,
335
–6,
339

Tchaikovsky, Piotr,
4

Teimuraz I, King of Georgia,
16
–17

Ter-Petrosiants, Simon (Kamo),
25
,
27
,
30
,
38

Ter-Vaganian, Vagarshal,
268

Terentiev, Igor,
213
,
224
,
471

Termen, Lev,
356

Thawed Patch, A
(
Protalina
; anthology),
109

theatre,
166
–7; persecuted,
321

Thorez, Maurice,
436

Tikhon, Patriarch (Vasili Ballavin),
120
,
122
–3,
140
,
460

Tikhonov, Nikolai,
319
,
406

Tikhvinsky, Mikhail,
113

Timashuk, Lidia,
433
,
435
,
445

Tito (Josip Broz),
316
,
422
,
435
,
439
–41

Titova-Ezhova, Antonina (Ezhov’s first wife),
289
–92

Togliatti, Palmiro (Ercoli),
316

Tolstaia, Aleksandra,
114

Tolstaia, Sofia,
45
–6

Tolstoi, Count Alexei,
213
,
216
,
270
,
271
,
353
,
369
,
372
,
407

Tolstoi, Dmitri,
128
,
136

Tolstoi, Count Leo,
4
,
20
,
163
,
165
,
420
,
456

Tomka,
255

Tomsk,
320

Tomskaia, Maria,
269

Tomsky, Mikhail: in Politbiuro,
67
; reads works for publication,
118
; Bukharin and,
153
–4; peasant policy,
181
–2; suicide,
268
–9

Toroshelidze, Malakia,
339

Toroshelidze, Susanna,
339

Tovstukha, Ivan,
198
,
384

trade unions,
111
,
170

Transcaucasia: Beria’s rule in,
339

Tretiakov, Sergei,
172

Trilisser, Meer,
172
–3,
198
,
204
,
295
,
476

Triolet, Elza (Mme Louis Aragon),
223

Troitse-Sergeev monastery, Zagorsk,
303

Trotskaia, Natalia (Leon’s wife)
see
Sedova, Natalia

Trotskaia, Nina (Leon’s daughter),
172

Trotsky, Leon: Jewishness,
14
,
72
–3,
423
; advocates obeying law,
35
; Stalin meets,
38
–9; view of Stalin,
47
,
153
; arrives in Petrograd (1917),
53
–4; creates Red Army,
54
,
66
,
313
; marriage,
56
; opposition,
56
; in Politbiuro,
67
; opposes rival paramiliary bodies,
68
; acts of vengeance,
72
; organizes concentration camps,
74
; praises Cheka terror,
79
; terror methods,
81
; hysterical crises,
84
,
98
; uses Tsarist ‘
spetsy
’ in Red Army,
85
–6; feud with Stalin,
86
,
92
,
100
,
131
–2,
202
,
466
; style,
86
–7; and war with Poland,
88
; and Stalin’s view of Georgia,
89
; sent to Abkhazia,
91
–2; Dzierżyński’s hostility to,
92
,
100
; hypochondria,
92
; and succession to Lenin,
93
,
127
,
145
; mocks Dzierżyński,
98
; decline in power,
100
; and Menzhinsky,
106
,
199
; suppresses peasants,
110
,
148
; supports trade unions,
111
; suppresses Kronstadt rising,
111
; reads literarure for publication,
118
–19; and suppression of Orthodox Church,
119
,
122
; proposes ending NEP,
121
–2; Lenin criticizes,
126
; blames Stalin for ousting,
130
; beliefs,
131
; debates at Party gatherings,
131
; expelled from Party and deported,
134
–5,
145
–7,
172
; forms opposition with Zinoviev and Kamenev,
134
; economic policy,
147
; correspondence from Alma-Ata,
155
,
172
; as patron of intellectuals,
164
; attacks Soviet leaders from Istanbul,
173
; Barbusse admires,
223
; ostracized,
228
; accused of complicity in Kirov murder,
243
; loathes Kollontai,
259
; assassination considered,
261
; Stalin accuses of terrorism and collaboration with
Gestapo,
267
–8,
271
; and trial of Kamenev and Zinoviev,
271
; and trial of Iagoda,
278
; Lakoba’s relations with,
294
; Ezhov fails to kill,
325
; murdered,
372
–4,
423
; approves division of Poland,
373

Trubetskoi, Nikolai,
117

Trust (organization),
137
–8

Tsanava (Janjghava), Lavrenti,
345
,
398
–9,
417
,
428
,
438
,
443
,
445
,
455
,
479

Tsaritsyn
see
Stalingrad

Tschechowa, Olga,
167

Tsereteli, Prince Shalva,
346
,
350
–1,
453

Tsiurupa, Aleksandr,
117

Tsvetaeva, Marina,
406
–7

Tsymbal, Evgeni,
479

Tuchkov, Evgeni,
123

Tukhachevsky, Marshal Mikhail: accused of plotting and spying,
xxiii
,
229
,
314
,
316
,
477
; defeat in Poland,
88
; represses peasants,
110
,
228
; suppresses Kronstadt rising,
111
; modernizes army,
197
; and Stalin’s campaign of terror,
245
; military collaboration with Germans,
255
; trial, interrogation and confession,
313
–14

Tumanian, Ovanes,
463

Tupolev, Andrei,
354

Turgenev, Ivan,
4

Turkey: defeated by Russia (1877),
4

Turukhansk,
40
,
63

Uborevich, General Ieronim,
314

Ukraine: population decline,
81
; and campaign against peasants,
180
; famine in,
186
–7,
190
,
191
; cannibalism in,
189
; administration,
191
; and settlement of eastern Poland,
361
; deportations from,
368
; wartime killings in,
388
–9; nationalist resistance in,
398
,
422
; Beria relaxes regime in,
446

Ulam, Adam,
242
,
264

Ulbricht, Walter,
450

Ulianova, Maria (Lenin’s sister),
257
–8

Ulrikh, Vasili,
95
,
247
,
250
,
268
,
270
,
295
,
314
–15,
329
,
354
,
400

Umansky, Konstantin,
353

Ungern-Sternberg, Baron Roman,
81

‘Union for the Salvation of Russia’,
320

Union of Defence of Homeland and Freedom,
137

Union of Writers,
216
–17,
222
,
353
,
420
; Jewish section abolished,
425

United States of America: as post-war enemy,
413

Unszlicht, Józef,
68
,
110
,
112
,
114
–16,
118
,
123
,
171
,
203
,
255
,
297
,
335

uranium,
417
–18

Uritsky, Moisei,
65
,
78
–9,
84
,
112

Urutadze, Grigol,
26

Ushakov, Zinovii,
314
,
477

Uspensky, Aleksandr,
298
,
324
,
326
–7

USSR
see
Soviet Union

Uzbekistan,
360

Vacetis, Joachim,
68
–9

Vakhushti, Prince of Georgia,
17

Valbe, Boris,
407

Valedinsky, Dr,
47

Vanlishi, Mukhamed,
395

Vannikov, General Boris,
389
,
418

Vasiliev, Pavel,
1
,
225
,
459

Vasilievsky, Marshal Aleksandr,
12
,
443

Vavilov, Nikolai,
357
–8,
480

Vavilov, Sergei,
358
,
426

Veniamin (Vasili Kazanskii), Bishop of Petrograd,
122

Verkhovsky family,
105

Versailles, Treaty of (1919),
252
,
254

Vichuga,
191

Vienna,
38
–9,
43

Vilnius (Wilno),
399

Vinogradov, Dr Vladimir,
356
,
433
,
435
–6,
484

Vioshenskaia Cossack station,
321
–2

Virta, Nikolai,
405

Vishnevsky, Vsevolod,
419

Vitt, Aleksandr,
356

Vlasik, General Nikolai,
8
,
241
,
434
–5,
444

Vlasov, General Andrei,
403
,
481

Vlodzimirsky, Lev,
346
,
349
–51,
443
,
452
,
486

Volga Germans,
180
,
389
–90

Volodarsky-Goldstein, Moisei,
112

Vologda,
35
–6

Voloshin, Max,
78
,
165

Voroshilov, Klim: signs death warrants,
xviii
; Stalin meets in Stockholm,
29
,
39
; aids Stalin with grain supplies,
85
; supports Stalin,
87
; Trotsky threatens,
87
; and war with Poland,
88
; marriage,
91
; attacks Bukharin’s peasant policy,
152
; works with Stalin,
154
,
333
; and Stalin’s countryside policy,
186
; as Commissar for War,
195
,
197
; Iagoda cultivates,
203
; conversation,
208
; visits Gorky,
214
,
216
; and sentence on Riutin,
233
; and Kirov murder,
242
; and aircraft accidents,
255
; hymn-singing,
285
; monitors lists of victims in Great Terror,
304
; in Central Committee plenum,
309
; and purge of Red Army,
312
–16,
477
; and Ezhov’s downfall,
327
; and Spanish Civil War,
352
; and Polish prisoners,
363
; authorizes Katyn massacres,
365
; remains in favour,
370
–1; and winter war against Finland,
370
; relations with Molotov and Kaganovich,
379
; wartime duties,
380
; courage,
385
; in Hungary,
414
; disparages Marshall Plan,
421
; punished and reinstated,
421
; as head of state after Stalin’s death,
443
; and Beria’s GULAG amnesty,
445
; and Beria’s downfall,
448
,
450
; death,
456