Stalin and His Hangmen (95 page)

Mannerheim, Marshal Karl,
81

Mao Tse-tung,
214
,
316

Markish, Peretz,
428
,
437

Markov, Aleksei,
469

Marr, Nikolai,
16
,
358
–9

Marshak, Samuil,
217
,
406
,
437

Marshall Plan,
421

Martel, Yann:
The Life of Pi
,
196
,
287

Marx, Karl: Jewishness,
73

Marxism: Stalin embraces,
12
–13,
21
; terminology,
24

Maslennikov, General Ivan,
482

Matulevich, I.O.,
384

Maugham, William Somerset,
137

Mayakovsky, Vladimir: poem on Cheka,
76
; suicide,
77
,
218
,
223
,
291
; repressed,
163
,
167
; relations with Agranov,
211
;
The Bedbug
,
218

Mdivani, Budu,
89
,
311

Medved, Filipp,
138
,
242
,
473

Meierkhold, Vsevolod,
167
,
212
,
321
,
353
–4

Me’ir, Golda,
427

Mekhlis, Lev,
199
,
230
,
254
,
315
,
363
,
380
,
384
–7,
395
,
426

Meladze, Gio (Stalin’s uncle),
5

Meladze, Sandro (Stalin’s uncle),
5

Melgunov, Sergei,
114
,
117

Meltser, Iulia (Iakov Jughashvili’s wife),
423

Mendeleev, Dmitri,
4

Menshagin,
349

Menshevik trial,
140

Menzhinskaia, Alla (Viacheslav’s second wife),
465
,
472

Menzhinskaia, Iulia (Viacheslav’s first wife),
105

Menzhinskaia, Liudmila (Viacheslav’s younger sister),
106
,
199

Menzhinskaia, Maria (Viacheslav’s mother),
105

Menzhinskaia, Vera (Viacheslav’s elder sister),
106

Menzhinsky, Aleksandr,
194

Menzhinsky, Rudolf (Viacheslav’s son by Iulia),
465

Menzhinsky, Rudolf (Viacheslav’s son by Alla),
465
,
472

Menzhinsky, Viacheslav: under Stalin’s orders,
xvii
,
95
,
195
,
197
,
199
; on Dzierżyński,
55
,
99
; has Bliumkin shot,
77
; in Cheka,
84
,
111
–14; as co-chairman of OGPU,
98
,
104
,
128
; background and character,
104
–6,
110
,
199
,
206
; attacks peasantry,
105
–6,
148
–9,
151
,
175
–6,
207
; official positions,
106
–7; ill health,
107
,
199
–200,
219
; writing,
107
–10; attitude to writers,
111
–12; opposes artists travelling abroad,
112
; and Lenin’s purge of intellectuals,
116
–17; in campaign against Church,
119
–20,
122
–4; and Trotsky’s opposition to Stalin,
134
; reforms OGPU,
135
–7; and Savinkov,
138
,
170
; encourages Stalin’s interest in spies and show trials,
139
–40; and Shulgin,
139
; turns against Bukharin,
145
; accuses Bukharin of planning coup,
146
; and grain requisitioning,
149
; stages show trials,
156
,
159
–62,
169
,
172
,
212
,
253
; and attack on bankers,
160
; influenced by theatre,
166
; and OGPU operations abroad,
170
,
172
; and Trotsky’s deportation,
173
; and famine of 1931–3,
187
–8; removes Redens,
191
; Iagoda works with,
203
–4; advises Stalin to act against Red Army leaders,
229
; and Riutin Platform,
232
; death,
235
–6,
277
–8; in Stalin’s confidence,
235
; frees Rossel,
261
; praises Beria,
337
; reputation,
458
; Demidov’
s Affair
,
101
,
108
–9

Mercader, Caridad,
373

Mercader, Ramón,
373

Meretskov, General Kirill,
389

Merkulov, Vsevolod: works with Beria,
346
; and Kapitsa,
356
; and Katyn massacres,
364
–8,
371
,
381
,
402
; wartime activities,
377
,
381
–2,
388
,
390
,
481
; divides powers with Beria,
379
; believes war with Germany unlikely,
381
; decorated,
393
; victims,
395
; interrogates Polish leaders,
400
; negotiates with Metropolitan Sergei,
405
; reports wartime writers’ views,
407
; campaign against intelligentsia,
408
; leaves Beria,
416
; denounced with Beria,
452
;
Engineer Sergeev
(by ‘Vsevolod Rokk’),
382

Mesame Dasi (group),
18

Meshik, Pavel,
346
,
418
,
452
,
486

Meskhi people,
394
–5

Messing, Stanisław,
111
,
176
,
178
,
197
,
295
,
297

Metro-Vickers trial,
156

Mexico: Trotsky in,
372
–3

Mgeladze, Akaki,
438
,
445

Miasnikian, Aleksandr,
452
,
463

Mikhailov, Maksim,
12

Mikhailova-Budionnaia, Olga,
477

Mikhailovich, Nikolai,
95

Mikhailovskaia, Praskova (Stalin’s supposed illegitimate child; ‘Pasha’),
13
,
323
,
459

Mikhoels, Solomon,
xxiii
,
370
,
423
–5,
428
–9,
443
,
445
,
452

Mikoyan, Anastas: terrorizes peasants,
149
; works with Stalin,
154
,
195
; increases grain exports,
184
; as prospective head of OGPU,
204
; complicity in Terror,
285
; encomium to Ezhov,
324
; intercedes for Beria,
335
; authorizes Katyn massacres,
365
; and treatment of Kalmyks,
392
; power during Stalin’s absence,
414
; and Molotov’s fall from favour,
415
; punished and reinstated,
421
; and Kuznetsov,
431
; and dying Stalin,
437
; under threat,
439
; position after Stalin’s death,
443
; and Beria’s downfall,
448
,
450
,
478
; unable to renounce Stalin,
456

Milgram, Stanley,
xx

Miliukov, Pavel,
161
–2

Mill, John Stuart,
195

Milshtein, Solomon,
346
,
366
,
392
,
453

Mirbach, Count Wilhelm von (German ambassador),
68
–9,
77
,
84

Miroedikha,
40

Mironov, Lev,
299
,
325

Mirtskhulava, Aleksei,
445
,
453

Mitsishvili, Nikolo,
342

Mogilevsky, Solomon,
335
,
452

Molchanov, Georgi,
188
,
232
,
275
,
296

Molotov, Viacheslav: signs death warrants,
xviii
; accuses Tukhachevsky of plotting, xxiii,
313
–14; Stalin meets in Vologda,
35
; devotion to Stalin,
39
; and Stalin’s democratic ideas,
50
; official positions,
67
,
195
,
230
; marriage,
91
,
196
,
426
; and campaign against Church,
122
; works with Stalin,
124
–5,
154
,
186
,
196
,
333
; communicates with Stalin on holiday,
140
; turns against Bukharin,
145
; campaign against peasants,
149
–50,
178
–9,
181
,
187
; and Stalin’s show trials and reprisals,
160
; and covering-up of famine,
189
; qualities,
196
; conversation,
208
; attacks Basseches,
213
; visits Gorky,
214
,
216
; Stalin consults over supposed Red Army opposition,
229
; on Nadezhda’s suicide,
233
; and sentence on Riutin,
233
; and Kirov murder,
239
,
242
; justifies extermination of opponents,
244
; and Nazi attacks on USSR,
253
; and Stalin’s German policy,
256
; Kollontai on,
260
; and arrest of Iagoda,
273
; hymn-singing,
285
; murderousness,
285
–6; monitors lists of victims in Great Terror,
304
; in Central Committee plenum,
309
; and Ezhov’s downfall,
327
; pact with Ribbentrop (1939),
354
,
361
,
369
; replaces Litvinov as Foreign Minister,
354
; political decision-making,
359
; authorizes Katyn massacres,
365
; on execution of Erlich and Alter,
370
; relations with Kaganovich and Voroshilov,
379
; negotiates in Berlin (November 1940),
381
; and Volga Germans,
390
; makes Kalmyks pay for supplies,
392
; and trial of Polish leaders,
400
; orders killing of Wallenberg,
402
; negotiates with Metropolitan Sergei,
405
; powers challenged,
409
; fall from favour,
414
–15; sent as envoy to United Nations,
415
; and atom bomb project,
417
; and cinema,
420
; punished and reinstated,
421
; Jewish wife,
426
; divorce and remarriage,
427
,
443
; on Crimea as Jewish state,
428
; and dying Stalin,
437
; Stalin criticizes,
439
; and Stalin’s death,
442
; terror practices,
447
; and disorder in East Germany,
448
; and Beria’s downfall,
450
–1; death,
456

Molotova, Polina (Viacheslav’s wife)
see
Zhemchuzhina, Polina

Monaselidze, Mikhail,
28
,
44

Monaselidze-Svanidze, Aleksandra,
29
,
44

Monastyrskoe,
40
–1

Mongolian People’s Republic,
190

Montwiłł-Mirecki, Józef,
61

Morgenstern, Christian,
207

Mornard, Jacques
see
Mercader, Ramón

Morozov, Fedia,
263

Morozov, Grigori,
423

Morozov, Pavlik,
262
–3

Morozov, Savva,
210
,
407

Morozov, Trofim,
262

Moscow: strikes in,
111
; Kaganovich improves,
264
–5; criminals in,
300
; Great Terror victims in,
303

Moscow Arts Theatre,
321

‘Moscow centre’,
245
,
267

Moskalenko, Marshal,
448
,
452

Moskvin, Ivan,
290
,
292

Moskvina, Sofia,
290

Muggeridge, Malcolm,
175

music: controlled,
281
; Stalin’s attitude to,
421

Muslims: deported,
394
–5

Mussolini, Benito,
100
,
226
,
256
,
312
,
342
,
366
,
470
,
474

Muszkat, Zofia
see
Dzierżyńska (Muszkat), Zofia

Nadaraia, S.N.,
337
,
344
,
455

Nagasaki,
409

Nagy, Imre,
446
,
486

Nakazhidze, Aleksandra,
338

Nakhaev, Artiom,
243

Namir, Mordechai,
427

Nansen, Fridtjof,
120
,
123
,
460

National Union for the Defence of Homeland and Freedom,
138

Nazis:
xviii
,
xxi
,
175
;
see also
Germany; Hitler, Adolf

Nekrasov, Nikolai,
227
,
426

New Economic Plan (NEP),
93
,
96
,
103
,
118
,
124
,
131
,
145
,
147
,
163

Nicholas I, Tsar,
164
,
218

Nicholas II, Tsar: Germogen attempts to rescue,
11
; coronation,
12
; power,
31
–2; abdicates,
42
; Lācis mocks,
71
; family killed,
95

Nikolaev, Leonid,
239
–43,
247
,
473

Nikolaev-Zhurid, Nikolai,
296

Nikolaeva, Margarita (Rita),
59
–60

Nikolaevsky, Boris,
307

Nikolai Nikolaievich, Grand Duke,
171

Niurina, Faina,
251
,
349