Empress Dowager Cixi: The Concubine Who Launched Modern China (71 page)

244 ‘
harbouring evil intentions
’
: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 24, no. 1411;
Ordered execution of Yinhuan
: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 26, no. 662; cf. nos 679, 681;
punishments of eunuchs
: Mao Haijian 2005, pp. 142–6;
Learning Companion Xu
: Mao Haijian 2009, p. 859;
footnote
: Xin Xiuming, p. 33

245
Reforms to continue
: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 24, nos 1376, 1399, 1754,
passim
; Mao Haijian 2005, pp. 136, 547–8;
‘forging a Great Asia merger’
: Yang Tianshi, pp. 188–90;
‘The Japanese government’
: Yang Tianshi, p. 159;
imprisoning Guangxu
: Mao Haijian 2005, pp. 149–53, 160;
percussion instruments
: Ding Ruqin, p. 272

246
Pearl a prisoner
: Wang Daocheng, in Society of Manchu Studies (ed.), vol. 2, p. 223; Mao Haijian 2005, pp. 143, 152

Chapter 21 Desperate to Dethrone Her Adopted Son (1898–1900)

247
opera about a heartless adopted son
: Ding Ruqin, pp. 269–70

248 ‘
clear the air
’
: Royal Archives, Windsor, VIC/MAIN/Q/16, no. 116; Association of Chinese Historians (ed.),
The Reforms of
1898
, vol. 3, p. 538;
Dr Dethève’s report
: Franzini;
daily routine
: Xin Xiuming, pp. 12–14; Jin Liang 1998, p. 14; Rongling, p. 12

249
Guangxu’s modest living
: Yun Yuding, vol. 1, p. 405; Wang Zhao, pp. 103–4; Carl, pp. 191, 292;
‘no obsequious eunuchs’
: Headland, pp. 165–8;
eunuchs poked fun
: Wu (Woo) Yong, p. 74;
‘a Sphinx-like quality’
: Carl, pp. 66–7;
read translations, etc.
: Ye Xiaoqing 2007, no. 2; Rongling, p. 22; Wang Zhao, pp. 102–3;
devil-like figures
: Wu (Woo) Yong, p. 74

250
a ruse
: Kong Xiangji & Murata Yujiro 2004, pp. 123–209;
‘made a mistake’
: Headland, p. 65;
Emperor Kangxi attributed
: Forbidden City Publishing (ed.), p. 239

251 ‘
deceiving the emperor
’
: Tsinghua University History Department (ed.), pp. 1198, 1205; Liu Kunyi, vol. 3, pp. 1112, 1415;
Junglu and Earl Li
: Chen Kuilong, p. 23

252
Hart wrote
: Hart,
Letters,
1868–1907
, vol. 2, p. 1180;
Cixi’s tea party and impressions
: Conger, pp. 40–3; Lady Ethel MacDonald, ‘My Visits to the Dowager Empress of China’,
Empire Review
, April 1901, in Seagrave, pp. 259, 261

254
the prisoner wrote
: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 25, no. 1512

255
legations pressed to see Guangxu
: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 25, nos 43–4; Headland, p. 161;
‘too busy’
: Headland, p. 161

Chapter 22 To War against the World Powers – with the Boxers (1899–1900)

256
powers gave Italy consent
: Royal Archives, Windsor, VIC/MAIN/Q/16, no. 121; Morse, vol. 3, pp. 124–5;
‘The Italian Ultimatum’
: Hart,
Letters,
1868–1907
, vol. 2, p. 1190; Hart,
Journals,
1863–1866
, p. 1192

257 ‘
great surprise
’
: Headland, p. 61;
‘being unable to’
: Xiang, pp. 87–8;
‘There was a bustle’
: Morse, vol. 3, p. 125;
‘stuck out his hand’
: Salvago Raggi, pp. 148–9;
Cixi’s decrees
: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 25, nos 1207, 1220;
‘Not a speck’
: Xiang, p. 95

258 ‘
feeling of elation
’
: Morse, vol. 3, p. 125;
Italy only bluffing
: Xiang, p. 101; Li Hongzhang, vol. 36, p. 250;
‘Foreign powers bully’
: Sheng Xuanhuai, vol. 2, pp. 652–6; First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 25, nos 1247–8; Wu (Woo) Yong, p. 89;
‘Western people’
: Wu Tingfang, p. 254;
‘I happened to be’
: Yung Wing, pp. 70–3

259 ‘
When an Oriental
’
: Wu Tingfang, p. 181

260
Edwards quotes
: Edwards, pp. 53–4;
‘Whenever a Christian’
: Smith, p. 54;
‘be fair and even-handed’
: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, p. 44; First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 25, no. 1451,
passim

261 ‘
owing debts
’
: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, p. 13;
German expedition
: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, pp. 21–32; First Historical Archives of China & History Department of Fujian Normal University (eds.), vol. 5, pp. 588–92;
‘On the whole’
: Bird, p. 298;
‘punished severely’
: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, pp. 19–21, 38

262
replacing Yuxian
: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, pp. 38, 44–5;
‘most deeply aggrieved’
: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 25, no. 1423; Morse, vol. 3, p. 179;
Boxers had destroyed
: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, p. 57;
‘extremely circumspect’
: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, pp. 46–8;
Cixi banned Boxers
: First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 26, no. 53;
legations dissatisfied and demanded
: National Archives, London, P.O. 17/1412; Morse, vol. 3, p. 187

263 ‘
I have never known
’
: National Archives, London, P.O. 17/1412;
On 12 April
: National Archives, London, P.O. 17/1412; Association of Chinese Historians (ed.),
The Boxers
, vol. 3, p. 169;
published in the
Peking Gazette
: National Archives, London, P.O. 17/1412; Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, p. 80

264 ‘
none of them wish
’
: Conger, p. 91;
Lord Salisbury remarked
: Roberts, p. 773;
Junglu sick leave
: Ronglu (Junglu), p. 405; Hou Bin;
‘disciplined’
: Wu (Woo) Yong, p. 86; Kong Xiangji 2008, p. 168; Qing History Institute, Renmin University (ed.), vol. 12, p. 180

265 ‘
For the first time
’
: Smith, p. 169;
blue eyes!
: Qing History Institute, Renmin University (ed.), vol. 12, p. 175

266 ‘
killing of all foreigners
’
: Qing History Institute, Renmin University (ed.), vol. 12, p. 179;
permission for 400 troops
: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, pp. 110–11; Conger, p. 92;
not authorising Seymour
: Conger, pp. 97, 100; MacDonald, Sir Claude et al., p. 49; Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, pp. 142–4; Qing History Institute, Renmin University (ed.), vol. 12, p. 182;
mobilisation of some Boxers
: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, pp. 145, 157–8;
‘with the utmost courage’
: Xiang, p. 261;
‘deep regret’
: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, p. 133

267 ‘
Well, what’s done
’
: Qing History Institute, Renmin University (ed.), vol. 12, p. 183;
Rescue parties
: Morse, vol. 3, p. 204; Fleming, p. 95; Xiang, pp. 269–70;
‘never forget’
: Smith, p. 240;
Junglu to protect
: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, pp. 144–5;
decrees to rein in Boxers
: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, pp. 136–41

268
Earl Li and other dignitaries
: Li Hongzhang, vol. 27,
passim
;
An eye-witness recorded
: Yun Yuding, vol. 2, pp. 785–6

269
Queen Victoria to Salisbury
: Royal Archives, Windsor, VIC/MAIN/Q/16, no. 133;
‘China Telegrams’
: Royal Archives, Windsor, VIC/MAIN/Q/16, nos 135–851;
‘Feel anxious’
: Royal Archives, Windsor, VIC/MAIN/Q/16, no. 130

270 ‘
We are in the wrong
’
: Li Hongzhang, vol. 27, p. 74;
Grass-roots officials
: Wu (Woo) Yong, p. 28ff.;
‘Our choice is’
: Yun Yuding, vol. 2, p. 786;
Queen Victoria had spelt out
: Royal Archives, Windsor, VIC/MAIN/Q/16, no. 130;
footnote
: Roberts, p. 771

Chapter 23 Fighting to a Bitter End (1900)

271
1,400 leagues
: Kong Xiangji 2008, p. 170;
‘The Boxers and soldiers’
: Conger, pp. 116, 199;
‘There is no doubt’
: Smith, p. 577;
Cixi rewarded Boxers
: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, pp. 161–2; First Historical Archives of China (ed.), 1996, vol. 26, nos 587–8; Li Hongzhang, vol. 27, p. 97;
opened warehouses
: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, p. 176;
‘Slowly they came’
: Xiang, p. 261

272 ‘
a well-dressed
’
: Xiang, p. 301;
laid out night-stools
: Liu Bannong et al., p. 75;
asking a Buddhist monk
: First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 2003, vol. 2, pp. 476, 478;
mansion of Imperial Princess
: Headland, p. 206;
Forbidden City not immune
: Wu (Woo) Yong, p. 87; Chen Kuilong, p. 39; Ronglu (Junglu), p. 404; Kong Xiangji 2008, p. 169;
request put to Cixi
: Wu (Woo) Yong, p. 87

273 ‘
Suddenly in a matter
’
: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, p. 187;
Sarah Conger wrote
: Conger, pp. 114–17, 129–30;
cannon gauge raised
: Chen Kuilong, p. 52

274 ‘
If I had really
’
: Wu (Woo) Yong, p. 89;
Cixi told Junglu to deliver fruit
: Li Hongzhang, vol. 27, p. 154;
thousands of casualties
: Li Hongzhang, vol. 27, p. 117;
Cixi’s orders re Catholic cathedral
: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, p. 414;
footnote
: Carl, p. 266

275
massacred 178
: Morse, vol. 3, p. 242;
Mgr Hamer
: Edwards, pp. 106–7;
Cixi put a stop
: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, pp. 327–8, 421–3;
vetoed nationwide massacre
: First Historical Archives of China (ed.) 2003, vol. 1, pp. 253–4;
‘If you continue to indulge’
: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, pp. 415–7

276
Viceroys would not obey her
: Li Hongzhang, vol. 27,
passim
;
‘totally realistic’
: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, pp. 156–7; vol. 2, p. 946;
Cixi not ready to surrender
: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, pp. 401, 404, 411–12, 414;
Viceroy Zhang petition
: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, pp. 386–7;
Yuan Chang
: Kong Xiangji 2008, pp. 166–71

277
Zhang information-gathering network
: Mao Haijian 2011, no. 1;
Xu Jingcheng
: Sun Ruiqin (tr.), vol. 1, pp. 106, 121–45;
‘tidying up his hat’
: Association of Chinese Historians (ed.),
The Boxers
, vol. 2, p. 496;
‘harbouring private agenda’
: Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties (ed.) 1979a, vol. 1, p. 392;
foreigners regarding Zhang
: Morse, vol. 3, p. 362; Martin 1896, p. 238; Kong Xiangji 2008, p. 213; Liu Kunyi, vol. 6, p. 2586;
Zhang – Britain and Japan
: Royal Archives, Windsor, VIC/MAIN/Q/16, no. 628; Kong Xiangji & Murata Yujiro 2011, pp. 408–9; Liu Kunyi, vol. 6, p. 2586