Year 501 (60 page)

41
. David Clark Scott,
CSM
, July 30, 1992; Salvador Cerro,
Proceso
(Mexico), Nov. 18, 1991(
LANU
, Jan. 1992); UN Report on the Environment, AP, May 7, 1992; La Botz,
Mask
, 165, 158; Andrew Reding and Christopher Whalen,
Fragile Stablity
, Mexico Project, World Policy Institute, 1991. Barkin,
Report on the Americas
(NACLA), May 1991; “Salinastroika,” ms., Aug. 1992. Baker,
WP
, Sept. 10, 1991, cited by Reding and Whalen.

42
. Nash,
NYT
, Nov. 13, 1991; Aug. 1, 1992. Kamm,
WSJ
, April 16, 1992.

43
. Felix, “Financial Blowups”; “Reflections on Privatizing”; “Latin American Monetarism in Crisis,” in ‘
Monetarism' and the Third World
, Institute of Development Studies, Sussex, 1981. Data compiled by Chilean economist Patricio Meller; UN ECLA Poverty Study (Santiago, 1990) (Felix, p.c.). Petras and Vieux, “Myths and Realities.”
Economist Intelligence Unit
cited by Doug Henwood,
Left Business Observer
, no. 50, July 7, 1992. Collins and Lear, “Pinochet's Giveaway,”
Multinational Monitor
, May 1991. Rosenberg,
Dissent
, Summer 1989. Herman, letter,
Washington Report on the Hemisphere
, June 3, 1992. Nash,
NYT
, July 6, 1992.

44
. Mayorga,
Nicaraguan Economic Experience
. See
DD
for further discussion.

45
. Constable,
BG
, March 4 (see p. 150); Golden,
MH
, March 5; wire services,
Excelsior
, March 12, 1992 (
CAN
).
CAR
, July 31, 1992.

46
.
CAR
, Oct. 18, 1991; May 8, 1992; Otis,
SFC
, Aug. 1, 1992.

47
.
Links
(National Central America Health Rights Network), Summer 1992;
CEPAD
Report
, Jan.-Feb. 1992;
Excelsior
, June 11, 1992 (
CAN
); Haugaard, CAHI, Georgetown University; IPS, Aug. 9, 1992 (
CAN
).

48
. For more on the matter, see
TTT
, ch. 3.9;
DD
, ch. 10.

49
. Petras and Vieux, “Myths and Realities.” Cooper,
New Statesman & Society
(London), Aug. 7, 1992. On US-IMF programs in the Caribbean, see Deere,
In the Shadows
; McAfee,
Storm Signals
. For an ongoing record on Central America, see
PEHR
,
TNCW
;
TT, COT, NI, DD
, and sources cited.

Notes to Chapter 8

1
. Lowenthal,
Reviews In Anthropology
, 1976, cited in Farmer,
AIDS and Accusation
, the source for much of which follows along with Schmidt,
US Occupation
. The classic account of the revolution is C.L.R. James,
The Black Jacobins
. The high population estimates are from Sherburne Cook and Woodrow Borah,
Essays in Population History: Mexico and the Caribbean
(California, 1971) (see Farmer, Stannard,
American Holocaust
).

2
. Sued-Badillo,
Monthly Review
, July/August 1992. COHA press release, Feb. 18; Anne-Marie O'Connor, Cox News Service, April 12, 1992. On the IMF programs, see McAfee,
Storm Signals
;
DD
, 7.3.

3
. Farmer,
AIDS
, 153; Las Casas, passages in Chicago Religious Task Force,
Dangerous Memories
, Stannard,
American Holocaust
, Sale,
Conquest
. See also Koning,
Columbus
. Smith,
Wealth
, Bk. IV, Ch. VII, Pt. I (ii, 70).

4
. Ch. 1, no. 29. Sterilization, Churchill biographer Clive Ponting,
Sunday Age
(Australia), June 21, 1992. Racism-policymakers,
DD
, 52-3.

5
.
TTT
, 46. Stivers, Supremacy, 66-73.

6
. Ulysses B. Weatherly, “Haiti: an Experiment in Pragmatism,” 1926, cited by Schmidt.

7
. Trouillot, cited by Farmer,
AIDS
. Blassingame,
Caribbean Studies
, July 1969.
Times
editorials,
DD
, 280. Landes,
NR
, March 10; Ryan,
CSM
, Feb. 14, 1986. For more on these and other scholarly analyses, see
PI
, 68-9,
TTT
; 153f.

8
. Deere,
Shadows
, 144, 35, 174-5 (excerpt from Josh DeWind and David Kinley,
Aiding Migration
[Westview, 1988]). McAfee, 17;
PI
, 68; Wilentz,
Rainy Season
, 272ff. Refugees,
PEHR
, II 50, 56 (1970s); Wilentz,
NR
, March 9; Bill Frelick, NACLA
Report on the Americas
, July 1992; Pamela Constable,
BG
, Aug. 21, 1992.

9
.
PI
, 69f.;
WSJ
, Feb. 10, 1986.
NR
, p. 194, above.

10
. Wilentz,
Rainy Season
, 341, 55, 326, 358. Wilentz gives a vivid eyewitness account of the years 1986-89.

11
. COHA, “Sun Setting on Hopes for Haitian Democracy,” Jan. 6, 1992.

12
.
The NED Backgrounder
, Inter-Hemispheric Education Resource Center (Albuquerque), April 1992.

13
. Wilentz,
Reconstruction
, vol. 1.4 (1992).

14
. Wilentz,
Rainy Season
, 275.

15
. Americas Watch, National Coalition for Haitian Refugees, and Physicians for Human Rights, “Return to the Darkest Days,” Dec. 30, 1991. Roth, “Haiti: the Shadows of Terror,”
NYRB
, March 26, 1992.

16
. Friedman, French,
NYT
, Oct. 8, 1991. French,
NYT
, Oct. 22, 1991; Jan. 12, 1992. Canute James,
FT
, March 10, 1992.

17
. Hyland, “The Case for Pragmatism,”
Foreign Affairs, America and the World,
1991-92. Constable,
BG
, March 13, 1992.

18
. Americas Watch, “Return.” French,
NYT
, Oct. 10, 1991.
Time
, Feb.10;
FT
, April 3, 1992. Bush-Kuwait, Andrew Rosenthal,
NYT
, April 3, 1991.

19
. Greenberger,
WSJ
, Jan. 13, 1992. COHA press release, Feb. 5, 1992.

20
.
Time
, Feb. 10; Barbara Crossette,
NYT
, May 28; Lee Hockstader,
WP weekly
, Feb. 17; editorial,
WP weekly
, Feb. 10, 1992.

21
. Frelick,
op. cit
.; Lee Hockstader,
WP weekly
, Feb. 10; Barbara Crossette, French,
NYT
, May 28, 1992.

22
. Hockstader,
WP weekly
, Feb. 10;
WP-MG
, Feb. 16, 1992.

23
.
DD
, chs. 8, 10;
NI
, 61-6; Sklar,
War
.

24
. COHA press release, Jan. 10, Feb. 25, 1992. Barbara Crossette,
NYT
, Feb. 26; French,
NYT
, Feb. 27, June 21; James Slavin,
NCR
, Aug. 14, 1992.

25
. French,
NYT
, Sept 27, 1992.

26
. Barbara Crossette,
NYT
, Feb. 5, 1992.

27
. French,
NYT
, Feb. 7, my emphasis; Pierre-Yves Glass, AP,
Anchorage Times
, Feb. 17;
Time
, Feb. 17, 1992.

Notes to Chapter 9

1
. Schmidt,
US Occupation
, 16, 181.

2
. Wilentz,
Rainy Season
, 271-2.

3
. Farmer,
AIDS
, 37ff.

4
. Allen,
Birth Symbol
.

5
. Thomasson,
Cultural Survival Quarterly
, Summer 1991.

6
. Cited by Schmidt,
US Occupation
, 62-3.

7
. Schwarz,
American Counterinsurgency
Doctrine
.
FRS
, 246;
APNM
, ch. 1.

8
. David Holstrom,
CSM
, April 30, 1992. McChesney,
Labor
.

9
. Du Boff,
Accumulation
, 101-3.

10
. Hegel,
Philosophy
, 82. Schmidt,
US Occupation
, 158.

11
. Holt,
Problem
, 45, 71ff., 54f.

12
. A. Chomsky,
Plantation Society
.

13
. De Schweinitz,
Rise and Fall
, 165; Keay,
Honorable Company
, 435f., 454f. M.N. Pearson, Parker, in Tracy,
Merchant Empires
.
DD
, ch. 4; ch. 2.4, above.

14
. Jackson,
Century
. Wilkins,
Cherokee Tragedy
, 3, 4, 287. Peace treaty, Stannard,
American Holocaust
, 106. Andrew Jackson, Rogin,
Fathers
, 215f. On estimates of the toll, see Lenore Stiffarm with Phll Lane, “The Demography of Native North America,” in Jaimes,
State
.

15
. Jackson,
Century
.

16
. For details, see my “Divine License to Kill,” discussing works by and on Niebuhr, published in large part in
Grand Street
, Winter 1987.

17
. Krause,
Battle
, 82-3.

18
. Palmer,
BG
, Feb. 9; Pear,
NYT
, Aug. 12, 1992. Data from Nancy Watzman,
Multinational Monitor
, May 1992.

Notes to Chapter 10

1
. Frederick Starr,
NYT Book Review
, July 19, 1992.

2
.
WP-BG
, Dec. 4; Weisman,
NYT
, Dec. 6, 1991. On the August 14 bombings, see
APNM
, ch. 2, including an excerpt from the Air Force history and from Japanese novelist Makoto Oda's eyewitness report from Osaka. On Tokyo as target, see Barton Bernstein,
Intemational Security
, Spring 1991.

3
. AP,
NYT
, March 4, 5, 1992. Longer stories in the
Boston Globe
, same days.

4
. See
PEHR
, II 32f., 39. On the principles of justice employed, see also
FRS
, ch. 3, reprinted from a
Yale Law Review
symposium on Nuremberg and Vietnam. For excerpts from Pal's dissent, see
APNM
. See Minnear,
Victor's Justice
. Leahy, cited by Braw,
Atomic Bomb
, from his 1950 autobiography,
I Was There
.

5
. Japan historian Herbert Bix,
BG
, April 19, 1992.