Year 501 (61 page)

6
.
APNM
, ch. 2, for further material and sources.

7
.
Ibid
., for excerpts.

8
. See
TTT
, 194f.; Simpson,
Blowback
; Reese,
Geblen
.

9
. McClintock,
Instruments
, 59ff., 23Off. Lewy,
America In Vietnam
. For discussion of this parody of history, see the review by Chomsky and Edward Herman, reprinted in
TNCW
. For Lewy's thoughts on how to eliminate the plague of independent thought on the home front, see
NI
, 350f.

10
. Bernard Fall,
Ramparts
, Dec. 1965, reprinted in
Last Reflections
. For a postwar eyewitness description, see John Pilger,
New Statesman
, Sept. 15, 1978. Shenon,
NYT magazine
, Jan. 5, 1992.

11
. Dower, “Remembering (and Forgetting) War,” ms, MIT.

12
. Hietala,
Manifest Design
, 61; Kent,
Hawaii
, 41f. Daws,
Shoal of Time
, 241. Poka Laenui, “The Theft of the Hawaiian Nation,”
Indigenous Thought
, Oct. 1991. See pp. 17-18, 38, above;
DD
, ch. 12.

13
. Kent, Daws, Laenui,
op. cit
.

14
. Institute for the Advancement of Hawaiian Affairs, 86-649 Puuhulu Rd., Wai'anae Hawaii 96792.

15
. Lehner,
WSJ
, Dec. 6, 1991.

16
. Weisman,
NYT magazine
, Nov. 3, 1991.

17
. On Fairbank's views, see
TNCW
, 400-1.

18
.
DD
, ch. 11, and sources cited. Kennan, cited in Cumings,
Origins
, II, 57; see volumes I, II on the mass murder campaign in US-occupied Korea prior to what is called “the Korean war.”

19
. Sherwood Fine, quoted by Moore,
Japanese Workers
, p. 18; Moore, on the general topic. Bix, “The Showa Emperor's ‘Monologue' and the Problem of War Responsibility,”
J. of Japanese Studies
, 18.2, 1992 (citing John Dower,
Japan Times
, Jan. 9, 1989).

20
. Cumings,
Origins
, n, 57.

21
. Adlai Stevenson, defending the US war at the UN. See
FRS
, p. 114f.

22
. Fall,
Last Reflections
.

23
. Elizabeth Neuffer,
BG
, Feb. 27; Pamela Constable,
BG
, Feb. 21, 1992. Carter, news conference, March 24, 1977; see
MC
, 240.

24
.
Ibid
., 240ff. and
NI
, 33ff., for samples from the press.
NYT
, Oct. 24, 1992.

25
. Tyler,
NYT
, July 5, 1992.

26
. Crossette,
NYT
, Jan. 6, 1992. Mary Kay Magistad,
BG
, Oct. 20; Eric Schmitt,
NYT
, Nov. 6; Steven Greenhouse,
NYT
, Oct. 24, 1991.

27
. Barbara Crossette,
NYT
, Aug. 14, 1992.

28
. See ch. 5, n. 18. On media coverage of Pol Pot and Timor atrocities, see
PEHR
. On the illuminating reaction to these exposures, see
MC
, 6.2.8;
NI
, app. I. sec 1.

29
. Greenhouse,
NYT
, Oct. 24, 1991.

30
. See
MC
, 6.2.7, and sources cited. Garthoff,
Détente
, 701, 751. Sihanouk cited by Ben Kiernan,
Broadside
(Sydney, Australia), June 3, 1992; Allman,
Vanity Fair
, April 1990, cited by Michael Vickery, “Cambodia After the ‘Peace'” (ch. 7, n. 24). For a review and update, see Kiernan, “Cambodia's Missed Chance: Superpower obstruction of a viable path to peace,”
Indochina Newsletter
, Nov.-Dec. 1991, citing
FEER
. See also Kiernan,
Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars
, Vol. 21, 2-4, 1989; Vol. 24, 2, 1992. For extensive background, see Vickery,
Cambodia
, and Chandler,
Cambodia
.

31
. Greenway,
BG
, Dec.13; Uli Schmetzer,
CT
, Sept. 2, 1991. Susumu Awanohara,
FEER
, April 30, 1992.

32
. Editorial,
WP weekly
, Dec. 2-8, 1991.

33
. Barbara Crossette,
NYT
, March 31, 1992.

34
. Greenway,
BG
, Dec. 20, 1991.

35
. AP, March 14, 1990;
NI
, 35.

36
. John Stockhouse,
G&M
, June 12, 1992.

37
. Smucker,
G&M
, Oct. 7, 1991.

38
. Barbara Crossette,
NYT
, Aug. 18, 1992.

39
. See
NI
, 38-9, citing Israeli journalist Amnon Kapeliouk and US researcher Dr. Grace Ziem.

40
. Braw,
Atomic Bomb
.

41
. Robert Olen Butler,
WP-MG
, April 5; Wintle,
FT
, May 16-17, 1992; reviews of Michael Bilton and Kevin Sim,
Four Hours in My Lai
. AP, “Five years later, My Lai is a no man's town, silent and unsafe,”
NYT
, March 16, 1973.

42
. Butterfield,
NYT
, May 1, 1977; Whitney,
NYT
, April, 1973.

43
. Buckley's unpublished notes. See
PEHR
. I, sec. 5.1.3.

44
.
Ibid
.;
FRS
, 222. King,
The Death of the Army
(1972), cited by Kinnard,
War Managers.

45
. John Underhill, John Mason, and William Bradford. See Laurence Hauptman, in Hauptman and Wherry,
Pequots
; Salisbury,
Manitou
, 218ff. See Jennings,
Invasion
, for discussion and general background.

46
. Robert Venables, “The Cost of Columbus: Was There a Holocaust?,”
View from the Shore, Northeast Indian Quarterly
(Cornell, Fall 1990). Rio Sumpul,
see
TNCW
.

47
. For details, see
AWWA
, 102-3.

48
. Carr,
NYT Book Review
, March 22, 1992. Of some interest, perhaps, is Carr's response to the comments above, which had appeared (in essence) in
Lies of Our Times
, May 1992. In toto: “The notion that there have been, in American history, episodes in which
neither
side behaved like much more than bloodthirsty animals is apparently too morally complex for many to bear” (Letters,
NYT Book Review
, Aug. 23, 1992, inserted irrelevantly into a response to criticism on totally different matters). I leave it to the reader to construct the Nazi analogue.

49
. Regular
Times
reviewer Michio Kakutani,
NYT
, Aug. 28; Prescott,
NYT
Book Review
, Sept. 20, 1992; reviews of Jay Parini,
Bay of Arrows
. On the cannibalism mythology that so enthralls Western ideologists, see Sale,
Conquest
. Ethnohistorian Jalil Sued-Badillo writes that “Archeological studies have not to this day been able to confirm cannibal practices anywhere in America”;
Monthly Review
, July-Aug. 1992. For a second-hand report of ritual cannibalism in North America, see Axtell,
Invasion
, 263; for Indian reports, Jennings,
Empire
, 446-7.

50
. Wouk,
CT
, June 2, 1992. Franklin,
MIA
.

51
. Puette,
Through Jaundiced Eyes
, ch. 7.

52
. For discussion of these examples, see
TNCW
; 68f., 89f.
MC
, secs. 5.1, 5.5.2, App. 3.
NI
, App. I, sec. 2. Lederman,
Battle Lines
; see my “Letter from Lexington,”
Lies of Our Times
, Sept. 1992, for details.

53
. Bundy,
Foreign Affairs
, Jan. 1967. See
MC
, 175.

54
. On these enlightening and therefore intolerable comparisons, see
PEHR
, vols. I, II;
MC
.

55
. Vickery,
Cambodia After the ‘Peace'
. On the internal US documents, see
FRS
, 31f., 36f.

56
. Drèze and Gazdar,
Hunger and Poverty
.

57
. See note 32. On the belief that the US “lost the war,” and its significance, see
MC
, 241ff.; and below.

58
. E.g., Douglas Pike. For sources and discussion, see
MC
, 180f.;
PEHR
, vol. I, 338f. See
RC
, ch. 2.3.

59
.
Foreign Relations of the United States
, Vietnam, 1961-1963, I, 343; III, 4n. Gibbons,
US Government
, 70-1, citing Air Force History.

60
. Albert,
Z magazine
, 1 Dec., 1991; Cockburn,
LAT
, Dec. 5;
Nation
, Dec. 23, 1991.

61
. See ch. 2.1-2.Tonkin Gulf,
MC
, 5.5.1; and
RC
. On timing, see
Foreign Relations of the United States
, Vietnam, 1964-1968, 609.

62
. One speculation is that in Vietnam, Kennedy might have leaned towards an enclave strategy of the type advocated by General Maxwell Taylor and others or a Nixonian modification with intensified bombing and murderous “accelerated pacification” but many fewer US ground combat forces; while at home, he might not have proceeded so vigorously with Johnson's “Great Society” programs.

63
. See my article “Vain Hopes, False Dreams,”
Z magazine
, October 1992, and for a much more extensive review and discussion, see
Rethinking Camelot
. Sources already cited, and others in the dissident literature, gave a generally accurate picture as events proceeded, requiring little modification in the light of what is now known. For a summary, see
MC
.

64
. On the remarkable complicity of the intellectual community in suppressing the readily-available facts about US subversion of diplomacy, see
TNCW
, ch. 3;
MC
, ch. 5.5.3. The full story of this suppression—in some cases, deliberate—has yet to be told.

65
. On this prospect, see
AWWA
, 286.

Notes to Chapter 11

1
. Pp. 17, 65.

2
. T-Bone Slim,
Juice
, 68.

3
.
Economist
, Aug. 22, 1992.

4
. Brady,
Spirit
, ch. VI; Schoenbaum,
Hitler's Social Revolution
, ch. VI. Thompson,
Making
, ch.11.

5
. Steven Greenhouse,
NYT
, “Income Data Show Years of Erosion for U.S. Workers,”
NYT
, Sept. 7; Adam Pertman,
BG
, July 15; Garry Wills,
NYRB
, Sept. 24, 1992. On the extraordinary efforts of government and right-wing analysts to conceal and distort the economic facts, see Paul Krugman, “The Right, the Rich, and the Pacts,”
American Prospects
, Fall 1992.