Year 501 (55 page)

NYT
The New York Times

SFC
San Francisco Chronicle

SFE
San Francisco Examiner

WOLA
Washington Office on Latin America

WP
The Washington Post

WP-MG
Washington Post-Manchester Guardian Weekly

WSJ
The Wall Street Journal

Books

APNM
American Power and the New Mandarins

AWWA
At War with Asia

COT
Culture of Terrorism

DD
Deterring Democracy

FRS
For Reasons of State

FTR
The Fateful Triangle

MC
Manufacturing Consent

NI
Necessary Illusions

P&E
Pirates and Emperors

PEHR
Political Economy and Human Rights

PI
On Power and Ideology

PPV
Pentagon Papers

RC
Rethinking Camelot

TNCW
Towards a New Cold War

TTT
Turning the Tide

Notes

Notes to the Preface

1
. Lindqvist,
Exterminate All the Brutes
(New Press, 1998). Porter, “Schooled in Anarchy,”
Times Literary Supplement
, January 6, 2012. Porter's comment is in a review of a study by Richard Gott (
Britain's Empire
), which investigates British crimes to mid-19th century.

2
. Russell Baker, “A Heroic Historian on Heroes,”
NYRB
, June 11, 2009. Baker does recognize the savagery of the invaders.

3
. Oct. 8, 2009.

4
. Scott Shane, “Report Portrays a Broken C.I.A. Devoted to a Failed Approach,”
New York Times
, Dec. 9, 2014 http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12
/10/world/senate-torture-report-shows-cia-infighting-over-interrogation
-program.html?_r=0.

5
. Pew Research Center, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp
/2014/12/15/that-big-cia-torture-report-americans-just-shrugged/. Other polls had similar results.

6
. See the seminal study by Edward Baptist,
The Half Has Never Been Told: Slavery and the Making of American Capitalism
(Basic Books, 2014). For the post-slavery era, see among others Donald Blackmon,
Slavery by Another Name
(Anchor, 2009) and Michelle Alexander,
The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Color Blindness
(New Press, 2010). The trilogy should be required reading for Americans who wish to understand their country.

7
. Barack Obama, “Statement by the President on Cuba Policy Change,” press release, www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/12/17statement
-president-cuba-policy-changes.

8
. Nicolas Kristof, “Welcome Back, Cuba,”
NYT
, Dec. 17, 2014.­­ http://
www.nytimes.com/2014/12/18/opinion/nicholas-kristof-welcome-back
-cuba.html?ref=opinion&_r=0.

9
. Aaron Blake, “Who's Afraid of Cuba? Almost Nobody Anymore,”
Washington Post
, Dec. 18, 2014. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix
/wp/2014/12/18/whos-afraid-of-cuba-almost-nobody-anymore/.

10
. Serge Schmemann, “Sakharov, Little Remembered in Putin's Russia,”
NYT
, Dec. 17, 2014. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/18/opinion/
sakharov-little-remembered-in-putins-russia.html?ref=opinion.

Notes to Chapter 1

1
. Höfer,
Fünfhundert-jahrige
Reich
. See Stannard,
American Holocaust
.

2
. Stavrianos,
Global Rift
, 276.

3
. Smith,
Wealth of Nations
, Bk. IV, Ch. VII, Pt. III (ii, 141); Bk. IV, Ch. I (i, 470). Hegel,
Philosophy
, 108-9, 81-2, 93-6; “the German world” presumably takes in Northwest Europe. On the fate of the mere savages lacking in Spirit, and the evasion of it, see Jennings,
Invasion
; Lenore Stiffarm with Phil Lane in Jaimes,
State
; Stannard,
American Holocaust
.

4
. Jan Carew, Davidson,
Race & Class
, Jan.-March 1992.

5
. Pearson, in Tracy, Merchant Empires, citing Niels Steensgaard. Brewer,
Sinews
, xv, 64.

6
. Keynes,
A Treatise on Money
, cited by Hewlett,
Cruel Dilemmas
. Pearson, Brady, in Tracy,
Merchant Empires
(Andrews and Angus Calder (on Celts) cited by Brady); Brewer,
Sinews
, 11, 169 (Anglo-Dutch wars). Hill,
Nation
. Smith,
Wealth
, Bk. IV, Ch. ll (i, 484f.); Bk. IV, Ch. VII, Pt. III (ii, 110ff.). On the transfer to North America of skills developed in the Celtic fringe, see Jennings,
Invasion
,
Empire
. For a graphic account of the British-Dutch-Portuguese wars, see Keay,
Honorable Company
.

7
.
Ibid
., 281; Parker, K.N. Chaudhuri (quoting Ibn Jubayr), in Tracy,
Merchant
Empires
. Smith,
Wealth
, Bk.V, Ch. III (ii, 486). See ch. 1.2.

8
. Tracy, Pearson, in Tracy,
Merchant Empires
.

9
. Brewer,
Sinews
, xiiif., 186, 89f. 100, 127, 167.

10
. Pearson,
op. cit
. Smith,
Wealth
, Ch. VII, Pt. III (ii, 110ff.); Bk. IV, Ch.II (i, 483).

11
.
Ibid
., Bk. I, Ch. X, Pt. II (i, 150). Stigler, preface. Morris,
American Revolution
, 34. On the Pacific War, see ch. 10, below.

12
. Keay,
Honorable Company
, 170, 220-1, 321; Parker,
op. cit
. Thompson and Garrett,
Rise and Fulfillment of British Rule in India
, 1935, cited by Nehru,
Discovery
, 297.

13
. Hartman and Boyce,
Quiet Violence
, ch. 1. Bolts,
Considerations on Indian Affairs
, 1772, cited by Hartman and Boyce and by the editor of Smith,
Wealth
, ii, 156n.
Ibid
., Bk. I, Ch. VIII (i, 82); Bk. IV, Ch. V (ii, 33); Bk. IV, Ch. VII, Pt. III (ii, 153); Bk. IV, Ch. VII, Pt. II (ii, 94-5). Trevelyan, Bentinck, cited by Clairmonte,
Economic
Liberalism
, 86n., 98. Nehru,
Discovery
, 285, 299, 304.

14
. De Schweinitz,
Rise and Fall
, 120-1, citing economic historian Paul Mantoux (on the Acts) and Clapham's “cautious” economic history of Britain. Clairmonte,
Economic
Liberalism
, 73, 87 (Wilson). Jeremy Seabrook,
Race & Class
, July-Sept. 1992. Hewlett,
Cruel Dilemmas
, 7.

15
. Nehru,
Discovery
, 296-9, 284. See Clairmonte,
Economic Liberalism
, ch. 2, for much confirming evidence.

16
. Arruda, Pearson, in Tracy,
Merchant Empires
.

17
. Smith,
Wealth
, Bk. IV, Ch. VII, Pt. III (ii, 131-3, 147); Bk. IV, Ch.VIII (ii, 180-1).

18
. Brady, in Tracy,
Merchant Empires
. Brenner, in Aston and Philpin,
Brenner
Debate
, 62; see particularly ch. 10.
DD
, ch. 12.

19
. Smith,
Wealth
, Bk. I, Ch. I (i, 7); Bk. V, Ch. I, Pt. III, Art. II (ii, 302-3). In the detailed index, the entry for “division of labor” does not list Smith's condemnation of its consequences. Humboldt, see
FRS
.

20
. Smith,
Wealth
, Bk. III, Ch. IV (i, 437).

21
. Herman Merivale, cited by Clairmonte,
Economic Liberalism
, 92. Cromer, Curzon, cited by de Schweinitz,
Rise and Fall
, 16. Dutch Governor-General J. P. Coen cited by Tracy, in Tracy,
Merchant Empires
, 10-11. Seal, Jenning,
Invasion
, 228.

22
. David Gergen,
Foreign Affairs, America and the World
, 1991-92.

23
. Nehru,
Discovery
, 293, 326, 301.

24
.
Britannica
, 9th edition, 1910; Cobban's 1963
History
(vol. 1, 74), cited by Edward Herman,
Z magazine
, April 1992.

25
. Miller,
Founding Finaglers
; Keay,
Honorable Company
, 185. Virginia, Jennings,
Invasion, Empire
(447 on germ warfare, ordered by “their highest authority in America, Commander in Chief Amherst” at Fort Pitt; also Stannard,
American Holocaust
, 335n).

26
. Saxton,
Rise and Fall
, 41. Mannix and Cowley,
Black Cargoes
, 274. Alfred Rubin, “Who Isn't Cooperating on Libyan Terrorists?,”
CSM
, Feb. 5, 1992.

27
. Bailey,
Diplomatic History
, 163.

28
. Drinnon,
Facing West
, 65, 43;
White Savage
, 157, 169-71; also his “The Metaphysics of Empire-Building,” ms, Bucknell, 1972. Jennings,
Invasion
, 60, 149ff.

29
.
TTT
, 87 (Theodore Roosevelt), 126 (Churchill; for further details,
DD
, 182f., Omissi,
Air Power
, 160). Stannard,
American Holocaust
, 134 (Theodore Roosevelt). Kiernan,
European Empires
, 200 (Lloyd George). On Bush as the inheritor of Theodore Roosevelt, see John Aloysius Farrell,
BG Magazine
, March 31, 1991, and much other fascist-racist rhetoric of the moment. For a sample from the liberal press, see my articles in
Z magazine
, May 1991, and Peters,
Collateral Damage
. Indochina,
APNM
, chap. 3, n. 42.

30
. Perkins,
Monroe Doctrine
, I, 131, 167, 176f. See
TTT
, 69.

31
. Morris,
American Revolution
, 51, 47.
DD
, ch. 1.3. See also Jan Carew,
Monthly
Review
, July-August 1992.

32
. On the civil conflict and the flight of refugees, see
PEHR
, II, 2.2; Morris,
Forging
, 12ff.
Caroline
test, commonly adduced in discussion of the UN Charter, cited by law professor Detlev Vagts, “Reconsidering the Invasion of Panama,”
Reconstruction
, I.2 1990.

33
. Lawrence Kaplan,
Diplomatic History
, Summer 1992.

34
. Appleby,
Capitalism
, 1f.

35
. Hietala,
Manifest Design
; Horsman,
Race
. Fredonia, Drinnon,
White Savage
, 192, 201-21; emphasis in original. Emerson, cited by Clarence
Kaier
, “The Educational Legacy of War,” ms., U. of Illinois, July 1992.

36
. Hietala,
Manifest Design
,193, 170, 259, 266.

37
. Howard,
Harper's
, March 1985; Morris,
American Revolution
, 4, 124; Bernstein,
NYT
, Feb. 2, 1992.

38
.
Military Sales: the United States Continuing Munition Supply Relationship with Guatemala
, US General Accounting office, Jan. 1986, report to Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, 4. “Inter-Agency Task Force, Africa Recovery Program/Economic Commission,”
South African Destabilization: the Economic Cost of Frontline Resistance to Apartheid
, NY, UN, 1989, 13, cited by Merle Bowen,
Fletcher Forum
, Winter 1991.