Women's Bodies, Women's Wisdom (191 page)

Read Women's Bodies, Women's Wisdom Online

Authors: Christiane Northrup

Tags: #Health; Fitness & Dieting, #Women's Health, #General, #Personal Health, #Professional & Technical, #Medical eBooks, #Specialties, #Obstetrics & Gynecology

BOOK: Women's Bodies, Women's Wisdom
11.09Mb size Format: txt, pdf, ePub
50
. S. Franceschi et al., “Intake of Macronutrients and Risk of Breast Cancer,”
The
Lancet,
vol. 347 (1996), pp. 1351–56.
51
. S. Seely and D. F. Horrobin, “Diet and Breast Cancer: The Possible Connection with Sugar Consumption,”
Medical Hypotheses,
vol. 3 (1983), pp. 319–27; K. K. Caroll, “Dietary Factors in Immune-Dependent Cancer,” in M. Winick, ed.,
Current
Concepts in Nutrition,
vol. 6,
Nutrition and Cancer
(New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1977), pp. 25–40; S. K. Hoeh and K. K. Carroll, “Effects of Dietary Carbohydrate in the Incidence of Mammary Tumors Induced in Rates by 7, 12-Dimethylbenzanthracene,”
Nutrition and Cancer,
vol. 1, no. 3 (1979), pp. 27–30; R. Kazer, “Insulin Resistance, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I and Breast Cancer: A Hypothesis,”
International Journal of Cancer,
vol. 62 (1995), pp. 403–6.
52
. T. A. Sellers et al., “Effect of Family History, Body-Fat Distribution, and Reproductive Factors on the Risk of Postmenopausal Breast Cancer,”
New England
Journal of Medicine,
vol. 326, no. 20 (May 14, 1992), pp. 1323–9.
53
. B. L. Pierce et al., “Elevated Biomarkers of Inflammation Are Associated with Reduced Survival Among Breast Cancer Patients,”
Journal of Clinical Oncology,
vol. 27, no. 21 (July 20, 2009), pp. 3437–44.
54
. N. Boyd, “Effect of a Low-Fat, High-Carbohydrate Diet on Symptoms of Cyclical Mastopathy,”
The Lancet,
vol. 2 (1988), p. 128; D. Rose et al., “Effect of a Low-Fat Diet on Hormone Levels in Women with Cystic Breast Disease. I: Serum Steroids and Gonadotropins,”
Journal of the National Cancer Institute,
vol. 78 (1987), p. 623; D. Rose et al., “Effect of a Low-Fat Diet on Hormone Levels in Women with Cystic Breast Disease. II: Serum Radioimmunoassayable Prolactin and Growth Hormone and Bioactive Lactogenic Hormones,”
Journal of the National
Cancer Institute,
vol. 78 (1987), p. 627.
55
. M. Woods, “Low-Fat, High-Fiber Diet and Serum Estrone Sulfate in Pre-menopausal Women,”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,
vol. 49 (1989), p. 1179; D. Ingram, “Effect of Low-Fat Diet on Female Sex Hormone Levels,”
Journal
of the National Cancer Institute,
vol. 79 (1987), p. 1225; and H. Aldercreutz, “Diet and Plasma Androgens in Postmenopausal Vegetarian and Omnivorous Women and Postmenopausal Women with Breast Cancer,”
American Journal of
Clinical Nutrition,
vol. 49 (1989), p. 433; A. Tavani et al., “Consumption of Sweet Foods and Breast Cancer Risk in Italy,”
Annals of Oncology
(Oct. 25, 2005), [Epub ahead of print].
56
. M. H. Holl et al., “Gut Bacteria and Aetiology of Cancer of the Breast,”
The
Lancet,
vol. 2 (1971), pp. 172–73; R. E. Hughes, “Hypothesis: A New Look at Dietary Fiber in Human Nutrition,”
Clinical Nutrition,
vol. 406 (1986), pp. 81–86.
57
. J. Michnovicz and H. Bradlow, “Altered Estrogen Metabolism and Excretion in Humans Following Consumption of Indole-3-Carbinol,”
Nutrition and Cancer,
vol. 16 (1991), pp. 59–66.
58
. Rose et al., “Serum Steroids and Gonadotropins.”
59
. H. Aldercreutz et al., “Dietary Phytoestrogens and the Menopause in Japan,”
The
Lancet,
vol. 339 (1992), pp. 1233; H. P. Lee et al., “Dietary Effects of Breast Cancer Risk in Singapore,”
The Lancet,
vol. 337 (May 18, 1991), pp. 1197–1200.
60
. N. N. Ismael, “A Study of Menopause in Malaysia,”
Maturitas,
vol. 19 (1994), pp. 205–9.
61
. X. O. Shu et al., “Soy Food Intake and Breast Cancer Survival,”
Journal of the
American Medical Association,
vol. 302, no. 22 (December 9, 2009), pp. 2437–43.
62
. L. J. Lu et al., “Decreased Ovarian Hormones During a Soya Diet: Implications for Breast Cancer Prevention,”
Cancer Research,
vol. 60, no. 15 (Aug. 1, 2000), pp. 4112–21; N. B. Kumar et al., “The Specific Role of Isoflavones on Estrogen Metabolism in Premenopausal Women,”
Cancer,
vol. 94, no. 4 (Feb. 15, 2002), pp. 1166–74; C. Nagata et al., “Decreased Serum Estradiol Concentration Associated with High Dietary Intake of Soy Products in Premenopausal Japanese Women,”
Nutrition and Cancer,
vol. 29, no. 3 (1997), pp. 228–33.
63
. T. Hirano et al., “Antiproliferative Activity of Mammalian Lignan Derivatives Against the Human Breast Carcinoma Cell Line ZR-75-1,”
Cancer Investigations,
vol. 8 (1990), pp. 595–602.
64
. H. Aldercreutz et al., “Excretion of the Lignans Enterolactone and Enterodiol and of Equol in Omnivorous and Vegetarian Women and in Women with Breast Cancer,”
The Lancet,
vol. 2 (1992), pp. 1295–99.
65
. Council for Responsible Nutrition, “International Researchers Convene Meeting on Isoflavones,” press release, June 17, 2009, available online at
www.npicenter.com/anm/anmviewer.asp?a=24304&print=yes
.
66
. Personal communication, Margaret Ritchie, Ph.D., June 2009.
67
. Rosenberg et al., “Breast Cancer and Alcoholic Beverage Consumption,”
The
Lancet,
vol. 1 (1982), p. 267.
68
. W. C. Willett et al., “Moderate Alcohol Consumption and the Risk of Breast Cancer,”
New England Journal of Medicine,
vol. 316, no. 19 (May 7, 1987), pp. 1174–80.
69
. C. I. Li et al., “Relationship Between Potentially Modifiable Lifestyle Factors and Risk of Second Primary Contralateral Breast Cancer Among Women Diagnosed with Estrogen Receptor-Positive Invasive Breast Cancer,”
Journal of Clinical Oncology,
vol. 27, no. 32 (November 10, 2009), pp. 5312–8.
70
. I. Kato et al., “Alcohol Consumption in Cancers of Hormone Related Organs in Females,”
Japan Journal of Clinical Oncology,
vol. 19, no. 3 (1989), pp. 202–7.
71
. D. Bagga et al., “Dietary Modulation of Omega-3/Omega-6 Polyunsaturate Fatty Acid Ratios in Patients with Breast Cancer,”
Journal of the National Cancer Institute,
vol. 89, no. 15 (1997), pp. 1123–31.
72
. R. S. London et al., “The Effect of Alpha-Tocopherol on Premenstrual Symptoma-tology,”
Cancer Research,
vol. 41 (1981), pp. 3811–16; R. S. London et al., “The Effect of Alpha-Tocopherol on Premenstrual Symptomatology: A Double-Blind Study,”
Journal of American College Nutrition,
vol. 3 (1984), pp. 351–56; R. S. London et al., “The Role of Vitamin E in Fibrocystic Breast Disease,”
Obstetrics
and Gynecology,
vol. 65 (1982), pp. 104–6; A. A. Abrams, “Use of Vitamin E for Chronic Cystic Mastitis,”
New England Journal of Medicine,
vol. 272 (1965), pp. 1080–81.
73
. R. R. Brown et al., “Correlation of Serum Retinol Levels with Response to Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer,”
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
vol. 148, no. 3, pp. 309–12.
74
. K. P. McConnell et al., “The Relationship Between Dietary Selenium and Breast Cancer,”
Journal of Surgical Oncology,
vol. 5, no. 1 (1980), pp. 67–70.
75
. L. C. Clark, G. F. Combs, B. W. Turnbull, et al., “Effects of Selenium Supplementation for Cancer Prevention in Patients with Carcinoma of the Skin,”
Journal of
the American Medical Association,
vol. 276 (1996), pp. 1957–63.
76
. T. T. Kellis and L. E. Vickery, “Inhibition of Human Estrogen Synthetase (Aro-matase) by Flavonoids,”
Science,
vol. 255 (1984), pp. 1032–34. The bioflavonoids compete for estrogen as a substrate in fat metabolism.
77
. B. Goldin and J. Gorsbach, “The Effect of Milk and Lactobacillus Feeding on Human Intestinal Bacterial Enzyme Activity,”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,
vol. 39 (1984), pp. 756–61.
Lactobacillus acidophilus
inhibits beta glucuronidase, the fecal bacterial enzyme responsible for deconjugating liver-conjugated estrogen.
78
. K. Lockwood et al., “Partial and Complete Regression of Breast Cancer in Patients in Relation to Dosage of Coenzyme Q10,”
Biochemical and Biophysical Research
Communications,
vol. 199, no. 3 (1994), pp. 1504–8.
79
. R. Staud, “Vitamin D: More than Just Affecting Calcium and Bone,”
Current
Rheumatology Reports,
vol. 7, no. 5 (October 2005), pp. 356–64.
80
. Ibid.; J. J. Cannell and B. W. Hollis, “Use of Vitamin D in Clinical Practice,”
Alternative
Medicine Review,
vol. 13, no. 1 (March 2008), pp. 6–20; J. J. Cannell et al., “On the Epidemiology of Influenza,”
Virology Journal,
vol. 25, no. 5 (February 25, 2008), p. 29; M. F. Holick, “Vitamin D: Importance in the Prevention of Cancers, Type 1 Diabetes, Heart Disease, and Osteoporosis,”
American Journal of
Clinical Nutrition,
vol. 79, no. 3 (March 2004), pp. 362–71.
81
. C. F. Garland et al., “Vitamin D for Cancer Prevention: Global Perspective,”
Annals
of Epidemiology,
vol. 19, no. 7 (July 2009), pp. 468–83.
82
. C. F. Garland et al., “Vitamin D and Prevention of Breast Cancer: Pooled Analysis,”
The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
vol. 103, nos. 3–5 (March 2007), pp. 708–11.
83
. American Society of Clinical Oncology 2008 Annual Meeting, Abstract 511, preview presscast, May 15, 2008.
84
. P. J. Goodwin et al., “Prognostic Effects of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels in Early Breast Cancer,”
Journal of Clinical Oncology
(May 18, 2009), [Epub ahead of print].
85
. J. H. Kessler, “The Effect of Supraphysiologic Levels of Iodine on Patients with Cyclic Mastalgia,”
The Breast Journal,
vol. 10, no. 4 (2004), pp. 328–36; W. R. Ghent et al., “Iodine Replacement in Fibrocystic Disease of the Breast,”
Canadian
Journal of Surgery,
vol. 35, no. 5 (October 1993), pp. 453–60.
86
. Kessler, “The Effect of Supraphysiologic Levels of Iodine on Patients with Cyclic Mastalgia.”
87
. B. A. Eskin et al., “Mammary Gland Dysplasia in Iodine Deficiency,”
Journal of
the American Medical Association,
vol. 200 (1967), pp. 115–19.
88
. K. J. Chang et al., “Influences of Percutaneous Administration of Estradiol and Progesterone on Human Breast Epithelial Cell Cycle in Vivo,”
Fertility and Sterility,
vol. 63 (1995), pp. 785–91.
89
. P. E. Mohr et al., “Serum Progesterone and Prognosis in Operable Breast Cancer,”
British Journal of Cancer,
vol. 73 (1996), pp. 1552–55.
90
. A. McTiernan, “Exercise and Breast Cancer—Time to Get Moving?”
New England
Journal of Medicine,
vol. 336, no. 18 (May 1, 1997), pp. 1311–2.
91
. I. Thune et al., “Physical Activity and the Risk of Breast Cancer,”
New England
Journal of Medicine,
vol. 336, no. 18 (May 1, 1997), pp. 1269–75.
92
. B. Rockhill et al., “A Prospective Study of Recreational Physical Activity and Breast Cancer Risk,”
Archives of Internal Medicine,
vol. 159, no. 19 (Oct. 25, 1999), pp. 2290–96.
93
. T. M. Peters et al., “Intensity and Timing of Physical Activity in Relation to Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Risk: The Prospective NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study,”
BMC Cancer,
vol. 9, no. 1 (October 1, 2009), p. 349.
94
. P. K. Verkasalo et al., “Sleep Duration and Breast Cancer: A Prospective Cohort Study,”
Cancer Research,
vol. 65, no. 20 (Oct. 15, 2005), pp. 9595–600.
95
. E. S. Schernhammer et al., “Rotating Night Shifts and Risk of Breast Cancer in Women Participating in the Nurses Health Study,”
Journal of the National Cancer
Institute,
vol. 93, no. 20 (Oct. 17, 2001), pp. 1563–68.
96
. D. E. Blask et al., “Melatonin-Depleted Blood from Premenopausal Women Exposed to Light at Night Stimulates Growth of Human Breast Cancer Xenografts in Nude Rats,”
Cancer Research,
vol. 65, no. 23 (Dec. 1, 2005), pp. 11174–84.
97
. E. S. Schernhammer et al., “Urinary Melatonin Levels and Breast Cancer Risk,”
Journal of the National Cancer Institute,
vol. 97, no. 14 (July 20, 2005), pp. 1084–87.
98
. S. Narod et al., “Familial Breast-Ovarian Cancer Locus on Chromosome 17q12a23,”
The Lancet,
vol. 338 (July 13, 1991), pp. 82–83.
99
. D. Thompson et al., “Cancer Incidence in BRCA1 Mutation Carriers,”
Journal of
the National Cancer Institute,
vol. 94, no. 18 (September 18, 2002), pp. 1358–65; The Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium, “Cancer Risks in BRCA2 Mutation Carriers,”
Journal of the National Cancer Institute,
vol. 91, no. 15 (August 4, 1999), pp. 131–36; National Cancer Institute, “National Cancer Institute Fact Sheet: BRCA1 and BRCA2: Cancer Risk and Genetic Testing,” available online at
www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/BRCA
.

Other books

Jewel of Gresham Green by Lawana Blackwell
A Civil Action by Jonathan Harr
Three Weeks to Wed by Ella Quinn
Easterleigh Hall at War by Margaret Graham
Rolling Stone by Patricia Wentworth
2 Knot What It Seams by Elizabeth Craig