War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a Master Race, Expanded Edition (87 page)
Authors: Edwin Black
BOOK: War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a Master Race, Expanded Edition
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| 57. | Goddard, p. 16. |
| 58. | Goddard, p. 84. |
| 59. | Goddard, p. 109. |
| 60. | Goddard, pp. 105-106, 118. |
| 61. | Wolf, p. 195. Author’s interview with Merriam-Webster Corporation. |
| 62. | Letter, Henry H. Goddard to Charles B. Davenport, 25 July 1912, APS B:D27 Davenport - Goddard, Henry H. #4. |
| 63. | Henry H. Goddard, “Mental Tests and the Immigrant,” The Journal of Delinquency, vol. II, no. 5 (September 1917), pp. 243-244. Goddard, The Kallikaks, p. 79. |
| 64. | Goddard, “Mental Tests and the Immigrant,” pp. 249, 266-267. |
| 65. | “Mental Differences,” Eugenical News, vol. 1 (1916), pp. 51-52. “News and Notes,” Eugenical News, vol. 1 (1916), p. 52. |
| 66. | “Measuring Mentality,” Eugenical News, vol. 1 (1916), p. 59. “The Municipal Psychopathic Clinic,” Eugenical News, vol. 1 (1916), p. 55. |
| 67. | “Negro Efficiency,” Eugenical News, vol. I, (1916), p. 79. |
| 68. | Arthur H. Estabrook, “National Conference of Charities and Corrections,” Eugenical News, vol. 1 (1916), pp. 42-43. |
| 69. | “The Binet Test in Court,” Eugenical News, vol. 1 (1916), p. 55. |
| 70. | “Record Blank for Point Scale,” Eugenical News, vol. 1 (1916), p. 56. “Autobiography of Robert Means Yerkes,” in Carl Murchison, ed., History of Psychology in Autobiography (Worcester, MA: Clark University Press, 1930), pp. 381-407. “Officers and Committee List of the Eugenics Research Association,January 1927”: Truman: ERA Membership Records. |
| 71. | Daniel J. Kevles, “Testing the Army’s Intelligence: Psychologists and the Military in World War I,” The Journal of American History, Vol. 55, Issue 3 (Dec., 1968), p. 567-568, 571, 573. RobertM. Yerkes and Clarence S. Yoakum, Army Mental Tests, (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1926), p. 2. |
| 72. | Carl C. Brigham, A Study of American Intelligence (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1923), p. xxii. Examination Alpha, Test 8: Information- cited in Brigham, p. 29 and Diane B. Paul, Controlling Human Heredity (Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey: Humanities Press, 1995), p. 66. See United States Historical Census Data Browser at fisher.lib.virginia.edulcensus/; Internet, for details on rural population. |
| 73. | Brigham, p. 29 and Paul, p. 66. |
| 74. | Brigham, pp. 48, 50. |
| 75. | Brigham, p. xxii. Raymond E. Fancher, The Intelligence Men: Makers of the IQ Controversy (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1985), pp. 139, 140. |
| 76. | Robert M. Yerkes, Memoirs of the National Academy of Science, (Washington D.C.: National Academy of Science, 1921), p. 790-791. Brigham, p. 152. |
| 77. | Fancher, pp. 102-103, 140. Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., s.v. “Mental Retardation.” |
| 78. | “News and Notes,” Eugenical News, Vol. II (1917), p. 24. |
| 79. | Eugenics Research Association, Active Membership Accession List (Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Eugenics Research Association, 1922): Truman, ERA Membership Records. Brigham, pp. v-vii, xvii-xviii. |
| 80. | Brigham, pp. 174, 178, 180. |
| 81. | Brigham, p. 192. |
| 82. | Brigham, pp. 182, 210. |
| 83. | Nicholas Lemann, The Big Test: The Secret History of the American Meritocracy, (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1999), p. 30-32. |
| 84. | See National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Thirty Years of Lynching in the United States, 1889-1918 (New York: NAACP, 1919; reprint, New York: Negro Universities Press, 1969) pp. 45, 70. |
| 85. | Kevles, “Testing the Army’s Intelligence: Psychologists and the Military in World War I,” pp. 576-577, 578. |
| 86. | Walter Lippmann, “The Mental Age of Americans,” New Republic 32, no. 415 (November 15, 1922). Walter Lippmann, “The Mental Age of Americans,” New Republic 32 no. 417 (November 29,1922). Lewis M. Terman, “The Great Conspiracy or the Impulse Imperious of Intelligence Testers, Psychoanalyzed and Exposed by Mr. Lippmann,” New Republic 33 (December 27, 1922). Also see Ezekiel Cheever, School Issues (Baltimore: Warwick & York, Inc., 1924). |
| 87. | Henry H. Goddard, “Feeblemindedness: A Question of Definition,” Journal of Psycho-Asthenics, vol. 33 (1928), p. 224. |
| 88. | Goddard, “Feeblemindedness: A Question of Definition,” pp. 223, 224. |
| 89. | Carl C. Brigham, “Intelligence Tests of Immigrant Groups,” Psychological Review, Vol. 37 (1929), p. 165. |
| 1. | The Race Betterment Foundation, Proceedings of the First National Conference on Race Betterment (Battle Creek, MI: The Race Betterment Foundation, 1914), p. xi. Kellogg Company, “Kellogg’s Company History” at www.thekelloggcompany.co.uk . “Race Betterment Foundation and the Eugenics Registry,” Organized Eugenics, (New Haven, CT: American Eugenics Society), 1931, p. 51. Also see “Brief Notes Made at Conference Held in Sacramento at the Request of the State Board of Control to Consider the Problem of Feeblemindedness, Insanity, and Epilepsy in Relation to Crime, Poverty and Inefficiency,” unpublished manuscript, p. 5: California State Archives, Berkeley PD 72/227C: Box 5. |
| 2. | Proceedings, First National Conference on Race Betterment, pp. 431, 433, 447. Diane B. Paul, Controlling Human Heredity (Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press International, 1995), p. 9. |
| 3. | Charles B. Davenport, “The Importance to the State of Eugenic Investigation,” Proceedings, First National Conference p. 452. |
| 4. | Harry H. Laughlin, “Calculations on the Working Out of a Proposed Program of Sterilization,” Proceedings, First National Conference on Race Betterment, p. 478. |
| 5. | Laughlin, p. 484, 490. |
| 6. | Professor Irving Fisher, “A Reply,” Official Proceedings of the Second National Conference on Race Betterment (Battle Creek, MI: The Race Betterment Foundation, 1915), p. 68. |
| 7. | Eugenics Record Office, First Meeting of the Board of Scientific Directors, unpublished manuscript, circa December 1912: APS BD27-Harriman, Mrs. E. H. #1. Johns Hopkins University, Chronology of the Life of William Henry Welch at www.medicalarchives.jhmi.edu . |
| 8. | First Meeting of the Board of Scientific Directors. |
| 9. | Letter, Alexander Graham Bell to Charles B. Davenport, 27 December 1912: Truman C-2-3:3. |
| 10. | Eugenics Research Association, Officers and Committee List of the Eugenics Research Association - January 1927 (Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Eugenics Research Association, 1927): Truman, ERA Membership Records. Eugenics Research Association, Active Membership Accession List (Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Eugenics Research Association, 1922): Truman, ERA Membership Records. |
| 11. | Active Membership Accession List. Edwin Katzen-Ellenbogen, “The Detection of a Case of Simulation of Insanity By Means of Association Tests,” Journal of Abnormal Psychology Vol. VI (1911), p. 19. |
| 12. | Madison Grant, The Passing of the Great Race (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1936), pp. 50-51,86,89. Eugenics Record Office, Official Record of the Gift of the Eugenics Record Office, Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, New York by Mrs. E. H. Harriman to the Carnegie Institution of Washington and of its Acceptance by the Institution (Cold Spring Harbor, New York: Eugenics Record Office, 1918), p. 33: CSH. Officers and Committee List of the Eugenics Research Association- January 1927. |
| 13. | Lothtop Stoddard, The Rising Tide of Color (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1926), pp. 258,259-260 . Active Membership Accession List . |
| 14. | Active Membership Accession List. |
| 15. | Edwin Katzen-Ellenbogen, “The Mental Efficiency in Epileptics,” Epilepsia Vol. 3 (Dec 1912), p. 504. Katzen-Ellenbogen, “The Detection of a Case of Simulation of Insanity By Means of Association Tests.” Edwin Katzen-Ellenbogen, “A Critical Essay on Mental Tests in Their Relation to Epilepsy,” Epilepsia Vol. 4 (1913), p. 130. American Men of Science (1914): NA: RG4961Box 457. |
| 16. | NA: RG4961Box 457. “Record of Marriage”: NA: RG4961Box 457. Letter, Edwin Katzen-Ellenbogen to 7708 WCG, circa 13 April 1948: NA: RG4961 box 457. “Extract Copy: Review And Recommendations: NA: RG4961Box 457. |
| 17. | See “Photo of Edwin Katzen-Ellenbogen” at www.ushmm.org . “A Critical Essay on Mental Tests.” Arrest photo of Katzen-Ellenbogen: NA: RG4961Box457. “Testimony of Karl Hemrick Victor Berthold”: NA: RG4961Box 457. |
| 18. | “Review of WC Section, Military Affairs Branch.” Active Membership Accession List. |
| 19. | Letter, Olga Heide-Pilat to General Handy, 7 August 1951: NA: RG4961Box457. See Testimony of Katzen-Ellenbogen: NA: RG4961290/59/1411-5/Box 434. |
| 20. | Sworn statement of Walter Hummelsheim: NA: RG4961290/5911411-51Box 444. |
| 21. | Timeline of Rockefeller Foundation History at www.rockfound.org . |
| 22. | Letter, John D. Rockefeller Jr. to Charles B. Davenport, 27 January 1912: APS: B:D27 Davenport - J.D. Rockefeller. Letter, John D. Rockefeller Jr. to Charles B. Davenport, 27 March 1912: APS: B:D27 Davenport - J.D. Rockefeller. Letter, John D. Rockefeller Jr. to Charles B. Davenport, 2 April 1912: APS: B:D27 Davenport - J.D. Rockefeller. Letter, John D. Rockefeller Jr. to Charles B. Davenport, 8 May 1912: APS: B:D27 Davenport - J.D. Rockefeller. Timeline of Rockefeller Foundation History; see Biography of John D. Rockefeller Jr. at www.brown.edu . |
| 23. | Biography of John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Rockefeller to Davenport, 27 January 1912. Rockefeller to Davenport, 27 March 1912. Rockefeller to Davenport, 2 April 1912. Rockefeller to Davenport, 8 May 1912. |
| 24. | First Meeting of the Board of Scientific Directors. |
| 25. | Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Dr. William H. Welch, 1 March 1915: APS B:D27- Harriman, Mrs. E. H. #5. Also see Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Alexander Graham Bell, 5 March 5 1915: APS B:D27 -Alexander Graham Bell #7. |
| 26. | Davenport to Welch, 1 March 1915. |
| 27. | Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Alexander Graham Bell, 20 March 1915: APS B:D27-Alexander Graham Bell #7. |
| 28. | See Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Mrs. E.H. Harriman, 13 February 1915: APS B:D27-Harriman, Mrs. E.H. #4. “Conference on the Feebleminded at the Home of Mrs. E.H. Harriman,” meeting agenda with notations: APS B:D27 - Harriman, Mrs. E.H. #4. |
| 29. | Letter, Robert W. Hebberd to Mrs. E.H. Harriman, 28 October 1913: APS B:D27-Harriman, Mrs. E.H. #3. |
| 30. | “A County Survey,” Eugenical News, Vol. I (1916) p. 24. |
| 31. | Memorandum on Immigration enclosed with letter, Charles B. Davenport to Madison Grant, 6 January 1921: APS B:D27 - Grant, Madison #3. |
| 32. | National Committee on Prisons and Prison Labor, The National Committee on Prison and Prison Labor - Its Origin, Purpose and Present Activities (New York: National Committee on Prisons and Prison Labor, 1915) pp. 2-3, 4,5: APS B:D27 Davenport - Nat’l Committee on Prisons & Prison Labor. “Field Work in a Police Department,” Eugenical News, Vol. II (1917) p. 21. “Field Workers Appointed,” Eugenical News, Vol. II (1917), p. 80. |
| 33. | “New York State Commission on the Mentally Deficient,” Eugenical News, Vol. 1 (1916) pp. 6-7. Letter, Davenport to Harriman, 13 February 1915. “Wanted,” Eugenical News, Vol.1 (1916) p. 48. |
| 34. | “Hospital Development Commission,” Eugenical News Vol.II (1917), p. 59. |
| 35. | “News and Notes,” Eugenical News Vol. II (1917), p. 24. “Field Workers’ Returns,” Eugenical News Vol. 1(1916), p. 3. “Field Workers’ Returns,” Eugenical News Vol. I (1916), p. 9. “News and Notes,” Eugenical News Vol. 1(1916), p. 18. “Workofa Field Worker,” Eugenical News Vol. II (1917), p. 46. |
| 36. | Letter, A.G. Smith to C.L. Goodrich, 14 November 1912: APS B:D27 - ABA Committee on Eugenics #2. Letter, C.L. Goodrich to A.G. Smith, 25 November 1912: APS B:D27 - ABA Committee on Eugenics #2. Letter, D.A. Brodie to Charles B. Davenport, 26 November 1912: APS B:D27 - ABA Committee on Eugenics #2. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to D.A. Brodie, 29 November 1912: APS B:D27 -ABA Committee on Eugenics #2. |
| 37. | Brodie to Davenport, 26 November 1912. Davenport to Brodie, 29 November 1912. |
| 38. | Letter, Charles B. Davenport to George W. Knorr, 3 January 1913 : APS B:D27 -ABA Committee on Eugenics #2. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to George W. Knorr, 5 January 1913: APS B:D27 - ABA Committee on Eugenics #2. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to R. DeC. Ward, 5 January 1913: APS B:D27-ABA Committee on Eugenics #2. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to George W. Knorr, 10 January 1913: APS B:D27 - ABA Committee on Eugenics #2. |
| 39. | James Wilson, “Presidential Address: Ninth Annual Meeting,” The American Breeders’ Magazine: A Journal of Genetics and Eugenics Vol. IV(1913), pp. 53, 55, 57. |
| 40. | “Foreword,” Eugenical News Vol. 1(1916) p. I. Truman Library, “Harry H. Laughlin Biography,” at www.library.truman.edu . Official Record of the Gift of the Eugenics Record Office, p. 33. |
| 41. | “Personals,” Eugenical News Vol. II (1917) p. 12. “Accessions to Archives,” Eugenical News Vol. II (1917) p. 12. “Voice Inheritance,” Eugenical News Vol. II (1917) p. 19. “Our Visitors,” Eugenical News Vol. I (1916) pp. 32-33. “The New Immigration Law,” Eugenical News Vol. II (1917) p. 22. “Eugenic Legislation,” Eugenical News Vol. II (1917) p. 29. “Personals,” Eugenical News Vol. II (1917) p. 7I. |
| 42. | Letter, Theodore Roosevelt to Charles B. Davenport, 3 January 1913: APS B:D27 Davenport- Roosevelt, Theodore. What I Think About Eugenics (n.p., n.d.), Bancroft Library. Dr. Albert Edward Wiggam, as quoted by Thomas F. Gossett, Race: The History of an Idea in America (Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, 1963), p. 403 as cited in Christopher Cerf and Victor Navasky, The Experts Speak (New York: Villard Press, 19S4), p. 30. |
| 43. | Dr. David Heron, “A Criticism of Recent American Work, “ p. 5, as cited by Charles B. Davenport, “A Discussion of the Methods and Results of Dr. Heron’s Critique,” Eugenics Record Office Bulletin No. 11: Reply to the Criticism of Recent American Work by Dr. Heron of the Galton Laboratory (Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Eugenics Record Office, 1914), p. 3. |
| 44. | Heron, pp. 4, 62, as cited by Dr. A.J. Rosanoff, “Mendelism and Neuropathic Heredity: A Reply to Some of Dr. David Heron’s Criticisms of Recent American Work,” Eugenics Record Office Bulletin No. 11, pp. 27, 2S: CSH. |
| 45. | Heron, p. 67, as cited by Davenport, Eugenics Record Office Bulletin No. 11 . Heron, p. 30, as cited by David F. Weeks, “Extract from Letter to C.B. Davenport From Dr. David F. Weeks, Superintendent of the New Jersey State Village for Epileptics at Skillman,” Eugenics Record Office Bulletin No. 11 , p. 25. |
| 46. | See Eugenics Record Office Bulletin No. 11. |
| 47. | Davenport, Eugenics Record Office Bulletin No. 11, pp. 4-5, 9. Weeks, Eugenics Record Office Bulletin No. 11, p. 25. Rosanoff, Eugenics Record OffIce Bulletin No. 11 , pp. 35, 36. |
| 48. | Davenport, Eugenics Record Office Bulletin No. 11 , p. 24. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to V.L. Kellogg, 30 October 1912: APS- BD27 Kellogg, Vernon #3. |
| 49. | Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Alexander Graham Bell, 25 September 1915 : APS B:D27 Alexander Graham Bell #7. Letter, Alexander Graham Bell to Charles B. Davenport, 30 September 1915: APS B:D27 Alexander Graham Bell #7. |
| 50. | “Where To Begin,” The San Francisco Daily News , 14 October 1915. |
| 51. | Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Thomas D. Eliot, 1 November 1915: APS B:D27. |
| 52. | Davenport to Eliot, 1 November 1915. |
| 53. | Letter, Irving Fisher to Charles B. Davenport, 18 February 1916: APS B:D27 Davenport-Irving Fisher #3. |
| 54. | Fisher to Davenport, 18 February 1916. |
| 55. | Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Irving Fisher, 25 February 1916: APS B:D27 Davenport-Irving Fisher #3. |
| 56. | Draft of letter, Charles B. Davenport to Alexander Graham Bell, n.d.: CSH. |
| 57. | Record of telephone call, Alexander Graham Bell to Cold Spring Harbor, 8 April 1916: APS B:D27 Davenport - Bell. |
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