War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a Master Race, Expanded Edition (84 page)

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Authors: Edwin Black

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CHAPTER THREE
1.
Gary B. Nash,
Red, White, and Black: The Peoples of Early America
(Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1974), pp. 168-169, 186. See Library of Congress,
Images of African-American Slavery and Freedom
at
www.loc.gov
.
2.
Daniel J. Kevles,
In The Name of Eugenics,
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985), p. 21. Mark H. Haller,
Eugenics: Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought
(New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1963), pp. 37-38.
3.
Michael W. Perry, ed.,
The Pivot of Civilization: In Historical Perspective
(Seattle, WA: Inkling Books, 2001), p. 31.
4.
Israel Zangwill, “The Melting Pot: Drama in Four Acts” (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1909; reprint, 1919), pp. 215-216.
5.
U.S. Department of Commerce,
Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970,
(Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, 1976).
6.
See Paula Mitchell Marks,
In a Barren Land: American Indian Dispossession and Survival
(New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1998). See Carey McWilliams,
North From Mexico: The Spanish-Speaking People of the United States,
(New York: Greenwood Press, 1968), pp. 51, 112-113. See Dr. David Pilgrim, “Jim Crow: Museum of Racist Memorabilia” at
www.ferris.edu
. See lnunigration and Naturalization Service,
Chinese Exclusion Act of May
6, 1882 (22
Statutes-at-Large
58) at
www.ins.usdoj.gov
. See Immigration and Naturalization Service,
Act of April
29,
1902 (32 Statutes-at-Large
176) at
www.ins.usdoj.gov
.
7.
Edward Alsworth Ross, “The Value Rank of the American People,”
The Independent,
pp. 57, 1063.
8.
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People,
Thirty Years of Lynching in the United States, 1889-1918
(New York: NAACP, 1919; reprint, New York: Negro Universities Press, 1969) pp. 7, 30-31, 45, 51, 58, 70.
9.
Dr. Cecil E. Greek, Lecture Notes,
The Positive School: Biological and Psychological Factors
at
www.criminology.fsu.edu
.
10.
Author’s interview with Robin Walsh, Local History Librarian with SUNY Ulster, 13 November 2002. See Alf Evers,
Woodstock: History of an American Town,
(Woodstock, New York: The Overlook Press, 1987).
11.
Richard L. Dugdale,
The Jukes
(New York: Pumam, 1910), pp. 1-15. “Bad Seed or Bad Science?”
New York Times,
8 February 2003. See Oscar C. McCulloch, “The Tribe of Ishmael: A Study In Social Degradation,”
Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Correction
(Boston: George H. Ellis, 1888), p. 154. See Norbert Vogel, “Die Gippe Delra,”
Ziel und Weg,
vol. 7 (1937), no. 4. pp. 85-88. See Dr. Daniel R. Brower, “Medical Aspects of Crime,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
vol. 32 (1899), p. 1283.
12.
Dugdale, pp. 62, 65-66, 72. Richard L. Dugdale, “Origin of Crime in Society,”
The Atlantic Monthly,
Vol. 48, Issue 288 (October 1881), p. 462.
13.
Edward S. Morse, “Narural Selection and Crime,”
Popular Science Monthly,
Vol. 41 (1892), pp. 433-446, as cited by Elof Alex Carlson,
The Unfit
(Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Press, 2001), p. 171.
14.
Diane B. Paul,
Controlling Human Heredity
(Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press International, Inc., 1995), p. 44. Carlson, p. 172. McCulloch, pp. 154-155. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th Ed., s.v. “Jackson Whites.”
15.
McCulloch, pp. 154-155.
16.
Vitezslav Orel,
Gregor Mendel: The First Geneticist
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996) pp. 2, 256-257.
17.
Orel, pp. 99,102,104-105, 120-121.
18.
Orel, pp. 270-271. Carlson, p. 137.
19.
Orel, pp. 283-288, 291. Caleb Saleeby, “The Discussion of Alcoholism at the Eugenics Congress,”
British Journal of Inebriety,
October 1912, p. 6.
20.
Lener, Francis Galton to William Bateson, 8 September 1904: Galton Papers, University College London 245/3. Lener, Francis Galton to William Bateson, 12 June, 1904: Galton Papers, University College London 245/3.
21.
Karl Pearson and Ethel M. Edlerton,
A Second Study of the Influence of Alcoholism on the Physique and Ability of the Offspring
(London: Dulau and Co., 1910) pp. 39-40.
22.
Galton to Bateson, 8 September 1904. Francis Galton,
Index To Achievements of Near Kinsfolk
(Unrevised proof, 1904), p. iii: Galton Papers, University College London 245/3.
23.
Francis Galton,
Restrictions in Marriage
(American Journal of Sociology, 1906), p. 3. Francis Galton,
Memories of My Lift
(London: Methuen & Co., 1908), p. 310.
24.
Galton,
Restrictions in Marriage,
pp. 7, 12-13.
25.
Galton,
Memories, p.
322. “Eugenics: Its Definition, Scope, and Aims,”
The American Journal of Sociology
Vol. X, No. I.
26.
John Franklin Bobbitt, “Practical Eugenics,”
The Pedagogical Seminary
vol. XVI (1909), p. 388.
27.
Bobbitt, pp. 385, 387, 391.
28.
Bobbitt, p. 388. Madison Grant,
The Passing of the Great Race
(New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1936), p. 167.
29.
Lothrop Stoddard,
The Rising Tide of Color
(New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1926), p. 165. Grant, p. 65.
30.
Stoddard, pp. 165-166, 167.
31.
Grant, pp. 19-20, 188-212.
32.
Grant, pp. 29,60-64.
33.
Harry H. Laughlin, secretary,
Bulletin No. 10A: The Report of the Committee to Study and to Report on the Best Practical Means of Cutting Off the Defective Germ-Plasm in the American Population
(Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor, 1914), p. 16.
34.
Grant, p. 18.
35.
Biography of Andrew Carnegie at
www.carnegie.org
. Eugenics Record Office, “Official Record of the Gift of the Eugenic Record Office” (Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor), p. 3.
36.
Eugenics Record Office, “Official Record of the Gift of the Eugenic Record Office,” pp. 5-6, 12.
37.
See Bleecker Van Wagenen, Chairman,
Preliminary Report of the Committee of the Eugenic Section of the American Breeder’s Association to Study and to Report on the Best Practical Means for Cutting Off the Defective Germ-Plasm in the Human Population,
ABA. See Laughlin,
Bulletin No. 10A.
38.
E. Carlton MacDowell, “Charles Benedict Davenport, 1866-1944: A Study of Conflicting Influences,”
BIOS
vol. XVII no. I, pp. 4, 8.
39.
MacDowell, p. 5.
40.
MacDowell, pp. 4-7.
41.
MacDowell, pp. 4-5.
42.
MacDowell, p. 5.
43.
MacDowell, pp. 8,10.
44.
MacDowell, p. 12. Carnegie Institution of Washington Administrative Files,
Biography of Charles Davenport,
pp. 1-2.
45.
MacDowell, pp. 19,27. See also autographed photograph, c. 1928 in March 1944 Eugenical News.
46.
MacDowell, pp. 8, 14, 33. Kevles, p. 52.
47.
Letter, George Macon to Charles B. Davenport, 24 June 1899: APS. Letter, C.H. Walters to Charles B. Davenport, 24 May, 1898: APS B-D27. Letter, American Net & Twine Co. to Charles B. Davenport, 27 July 1899: APS B-D27. Letter, American Net & Twine Co. to Charles B. Davenport, I August, 1899: APS B-D27. Letter, University of Minnesota to Charles B. Davenport, I September, 1898: APS B-D27.
48.
Letter, Walter Rankiss to Charles B. Davenport, 6 June 1898: APS B-D27. Letter, Rudolph Hering to Charles B. Davenport, 28 March, 1898: APS B-D27. Letter, Katherine Hobach to Franklin Hooper, 16 April, 1898: APS B-D27. Letter, C.O. Townsend to Charles B. Davenport, 2 April, 1898: APS B-D27. Letter, Dudley Greene to Charles B. Davenport, 11 May, 1898: APS B-D27. Letter, C.O. Townsend to Charles B. Davenport, 14 June, 1898: APS.
49.
Letter, Francis Galton to Charles B. Davenport, 6 April, 1897: APS: B-D27 Galton, Sir Francis. Letter, Francis Galton to Charles B. Davenport, 5 May, 1897: APS: B-D27 Galton, Sir Francis.
50.
FrancisJanet Hassencahl, “Harry H. Laughlin, “Expert Eugenics Agent” for the House Committee on Inunigration and Naturalization” (ph. D. diss., Case Western Reserve University, 1970), p. 53. Letter, Francis Galton to Charles B. Davenport, 20 October, 1899: APS: B-D27 Galton, Sir Francis. Letter, Francis Galton to Charles B. Davenport, 19 November, 1903: APS: B-D27 Galton, Sir Francis.
51.
See
State Laws Limiting Marriage Selection,
Eugenics Record Office (Cold Spring Harbor: Cold Spring Harbor, 1913), pp. 31-36. Also see Charles B. Davenport,
Race Crossing In Jamaica,
(Washington: Carnegie Institute of Washington, 1929). Charles B. Davenport, “Heredity and Race Eugenics,” p. 10: APS: B-027.
52.
Charles B. Davenport,
Heredity in Relation to Eugenics
(New York: Amo Press & The New York Times, 1972), pp. 213, 214, 218.
53.
Stoddard, p. 165.
54.
Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Professor V.L. Kellogg, 30 October 1912: APS: B-D27-Kellogg, Professor V:L.
55.
Margaret Sanger,
Margaret Sanger: An Autobiography,
(New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1938; reprinted by Dover Publications, Inc., 1971) p. 374.
56.
Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Franklin Hooper, 21 April 1902: APS B-D27 Cold Spring Harbor Beginnings Correspondence #3.
57.
Letter, Charles B. Davenport to the Trustees of the Carnegie Institution, 5 May 1902: APS BD27 Cold Spring Harbor Beginnings Correspondence #3.
58.
Charles B. Davenport, “A Summary of Progress in Experimental Evolution,” p. 5: APS B-D27 Cold Spring Harbor Beginnings Correspondence #2. Letter, Franklin Hooper to Charles B. Davenport, 23 May 1902: APS BD27 Cold Spring Harbor Beginnings Correspondence #3.
59.
Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Henry Osborn, 30 May 1902: APS B-D27 Cold Spring Harbor Beginnings Correspondence #3. Letter, Henry Osborn to Charles B. Davenport, 25 July 1902: APS B-D27 Cold Spring Harbor Beginnings Correspondence #3. Letter, Franklin Hooper to Charles Wolcott, 24 July 1902: APS B-D27 Cold Spring Harbor Beginnings Correspondence #3.
60.
Davenport to Osborn, 30 May 1902.
61.
Osborn to Davenport, 25 July, 1902. Davenport, “A Summary of Progress,” pp. 4-5.
62.
MacDowell, pp. 19-21. Letter, Francis Galton to Charles B. Davenport, 28 September 1902: APS: B-D27 Galton, Sir Francis. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Trustees of the Carnegie Institution, 5 March 1903 : APS BD27 Cold Spring Harbor Beginnings Correspondence #3.
63.
Letter, Charles B. Davenport to John S. Billings, 3 May 1903: APS B-D27 Cold Spring Harbor Beginnings Correspondence # 1. Davenport, “A Summary of Progress,” pp. 13-14.
64.
Letter, Charles Davenport to Madison Grant, 3 May 1920: APS B-D27 Grant, Madison #3. See Stoddard, pp. xxix-xxxi, 306-308.
65.
Davenport to Billings, 3 May 1903.
66.
Davenport to Billings, 3 May 1903.
67.
Davenport to Billings, 3 May 1903. MacDowell, p. 19.
68.
W. M. Hays,
The American Breeders Association to its Parent, The Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, Greetings
(circa 1910): Truman. American Breeders’ Association, “Minutes,”
First Annual Meeting,
1903, p. 1-2: APS.
69.
John H. Noyes,
Essay on Scientific Propagation,
(Oneida, NY: Oneida Community, 1872), section 2, section 15.
70.
Author’s interview with National Weather Service, 1 October 2002. American Breeders’ Association, “Minutes of First Annual Meeting, St. Louis, Missouri,” p. 4: ABA. American Breeders’ Association, “Constitution and By-Laws of the American Breeders’ Association”: ABA. American Breeders’ Association, “Committees and Their Specific Duties,”
Annual Report, American Breeders’ Association,
vol. II (1906), p. 11.

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