Voices of Islam (61 page)

Rumi, Jalal al-Din, 73, 92, 265

Sabbah, Hasan-i, 233–34 Sab‘iyya.
See
Ismaili Shi‘ism
Sabr,
84

Sacred Mosque of Islam, 16, 256.
See also Ka‘ba

Sacred texts, 35–36.
See also
Qur’an
Sadaqa
(voluntary charity), 18–20 Saddam Hussein, 228

Al-Sadiq, Ja‘far.
See
Ja‘far al-Sadiq

Sad maydan
(Hundred Fields) (Ansari), 258

Sadr al-Din Muhammad Shirazi (Mulla Sadr), 226

Safa, hill of, 28, 30–31, 42 n.14

Safavid dynasty, 225–26

Safavid Shi‘ism, 224

Sahih al-Bukhari,
133, 134–35, 138,

139

Sahih al-Muslim,
133

286
Index

Sa’i,
30–31

Saint cults, 263–64, 265

Sakhawi, 139

Salama,
7

Salat
(prayer), 11–16; communal, 12,

71; daily, 10, 13–16, 70, 168;

direction of, 16, 172–73; for the

Hajj,
30; in Muslim life, 69, 70;

origin, 14–15, 129, 168; purpose,

172–73; in Qur’an, 15, 54;

Ramadan, 23;
Tarawih,
23, 41 n.9

Salih (prophet), 36, 103

Al-Sanhuri, ‘Abd al-Razzaq, 178

Sanna
(term), 194

Sarah, 28

Al-Sarakhsi, Shams al-Din, 151

Al-Sarraj, Abu Nasr, 207, 256–57, 259

Saudi Arabia, 179, 204, 239

Sawm
(Ramadan fast), 20–24, 54.
See also
Ramadan

Sayf al-Din, Sayyidna Tahir, 239 Scholars.
See
Faqihs; Hadith scholars;

Mujtahid; Ulama

Schools of law.
See
Legal schools ‘‘Science of letters’’ (‘
ilm al-huruf
), 94

n.23

Sciences: Arabic religious, 72, 73;

Greek, 197; Islamic, 47–48

S-D-Q (root), 18

Second Compilation of Qur’an, 51, 212 n.4

Second Pillar of Islam.
See Salat

Second Shahada, 10–11 Secular reforms, Iran, 228

Selection, divine, 250, 252, 255

Self, in Sufism, 206, 250, 253–54

Sensory imagery, 87–88, 89 Seveners.
See Ismaili Shi‘ism

Al-Shafi‘i, Muhammad ibn Idris, 160, 214 n.20

Shafi‘i school of law, 136, 160–61,

163, 203; on
Sunna,
126, 128, 130,

131, 136, 141, 161, 195–96, 213

n.16, 214 n.19

Shahada
(proclamation of faith), 8–11 Shaqiq al-Balkhi, 250, 252

Shari‘a,
149–80; adaptability, 166,

167–68; civil codes based on, 177,

178–79; conservatism, 156–57;

definition, 149; duties, 150, 164–65; as education of individual, 172–73;
fiqh
and, 149–50; Five Values, 164; goals, interpretation based on, 158, 166, 167–68; goals (
maqasid al-

Shari‘a
), 170, 171–76; gradualism,

168; individualism, 169–71; justice,

173–75; modern approaches, 157–

58, 177–80; morality, 149–50, 164–

65; Nizari Ismaili doctrine, 237–38; pragmatism, 168–69; public interest, 175–76; reform and, 156, 170, 176–

80; religious
vs.
juridical duties, 150, 164–65; schools of interpretation (
See
Legal schools)sources of (
See
Legal sources).
See also
Islamic law

Shari‘a
(legal) definitions, 128

Shath
(ecstatic utterances), 251

Al-Shatibi, Abu Ishaq Ibrahim, 154, 172, 175

Shaykhs
(Sufi masters), 187, 260–63,

264

SH-H-D (root), 8

Shi‘a
(term), 218

Shi‘at ‘Ali,
191, 192, 218, 220

Shi‘at Mu‘awiya,
191, 192

Shiite Islam, 137–38, 186, 217–42;

early history, 220–23; free will, 204;

Hadith collections, 138, 163, 188,

212 n.2, 215 n.20; Imami (
See
Imami (Twelver) Shi‘ism); Ismaili, 222–23, 231–40; leadership beliefs,

137, 162–63, 187, 188, 192, 212

n.3, 217–20; legal principles, 162–

63, 196; legal schools, 162–63; origin of, 187–88;
Sunna
and hadith in, 137–38, 196;
vs.
Sunni Islam,

162, 163, 204, 230–31; Zaydi, 162,

163, 221, 240–42.
See also
Sunni– Shi‘a divide

Shiraz, 255, 261

Al-Shu‘ara’
(‘‘The Poets’’;
Sura
26), 56

Shu‘ayb (Jethro) (prophet), 103, 113

‘‘Sign(s)’’ (
ayat
), 35, 71; created world

Index
287

as, 101, 120 n.1; and verses (
ayat
), 83, 101

Silsila
(spiritual lineage), 261 Sincere advice (
nasiha
), 170–71 Sinlessness: of Jesus and Mary, 117,

122 n.21; of prophets, 36–37

Al-Sirat al-Mustaqim
(The Straight Path), 10

Siyasa shar‘iyya,
181, 185

S-L-A (root), 11

S-L-M (root), 6

Sobhani, Ja‘far, 104–5

Social dimensions: of
Hajj
(pilgrimage to Mecca), 29, 32, 54; of Ramadan,

22; of rituals of Islam, 54, 172–73; of

Zakat
(charity), 22, 54 Society: ideal, in Islam, 211–12;

Qur’anic injunctions on, 54 Solomon, 104; temple of, 14

Soul, 22; fasting and, 22–23; Sufi

examination of, 205–6, 250, 252,

255

South Asia, 132, 239

Spain, Islamic, 106, 138, 140, 258–59 Speculative rulings (
zanni
), 153

Spirit, in Qur’an, 86, 89

Spiritual awareness (‘
ilm
), 79–80, 83,

222

Spiritual lineages (
silsila; nasab
), 261, 262, 263

Spiritual practice, Sunni, 204–8.
See also
Sufism

Spiritual virtues.
See Ihsan

Spiritual world, in Qur’an, 88

The Stages of Wayfarers
(Ansari), 258– 59

Statutory law, 157;
fiqh
-based, 178–

79

Stipulation, unilateral (
iltizam
), 162 The Stoning, 32

Stoning Area (
Jamarat
), 42 n.14 ‘‘Stories,’’ in Qur’an, 90–91 ‘‘The Straight Path’’ (
al-Sirat al-

Mustaqim
), 10

Submission to will of God (
Islam
), 6–7, 40, 119; by Hagar, 28; and

prophecy, 103–4, 119

Successors, era of, 177

Sufi
(term), 206, 249, 252–53

Sufi masters (
shaykhs
), 187, 260–63,

264

Sufi orders (
tariqa; turuq
), 264–65 Sufism, 205–8, 249–66; academic,

258, 259–60, 265; Baghdad, 252–

55, 256; literature, 207–8, 255,

256–60; origins, 187, 205–6, 216

n.34, 249–52; practices, 254, 262, 267 n.16; rise of masters (
shaykhs
), 260–63, 264; Shi‘ism and, 224–25,

234; spread of, 255–57, 265;
Sunna

and, 139–41, 205–6, 250

Sufiyya
(term), 193, 249–50, 252,

255

Al-Sulami, Abu ‘Abd al-Rahman, 207, 256, 257, 259

Sulaymani Bohras, 238, 239

Sultanic rulings, 151

Sunan,
133, 140, 196

Sunna
(term), 128–29, 186, 193,

194

Sunna
(Way of the Prophet), 52, 110– 111, 125–44, 193, 196; actions of

Prophet as, 129–30;

authentification, 131–37, 141–42,

152–53, 194; categories of, 129–30,

131; challenges to, 141–42; Companions of the Prophet and, 127–29, 136–38, 176–78, 194, 195,

214 n.19; definitions of, 128–29,

186, 193, 194; Founding, 153; and

hadith, 127, 130, 136–37, 194;

historical development, 126, 130,

131–32, 193–96; ‘‘inner,’’ 205–6; as

legal (
Shari‘a
) source, 126–28, 135–

37, 149, 151–54, 156, 193–96, 213

n.16; modern Western Muslims and, 143–44; public interest and, 176;

Qur’an and, 126–28, 153; rituals in,

54; Shafi‘i thought on, 126, 128,

130, 131, 136, 141, 161, 195–96,

213 n.16, 214 n.29; in Shiite Islam, 137–38, 163, 196, 237; statements of Prophet as, 129; Sufism and, 139– 41, 205–6, 250;
vs. Sunna
as

288
Index

common practice, 194–96; women and, 138–39

Sunna ghayr tashri’iyya,
196

Sunna mu’assia
(Founding Sunna), 153

Sunna tashri’iyya,
196

Sunni
(term), 186–87

Sunni Islam, 185–212; creed, Tahawi’s rendering of, 208–11; Hadith collections, 133, 188, 200, 214–15 n.20; Hanbali thought and, 200– 204; legal thought, 162, 187, 188,

196, 199–200; in modern times,

211–12; origin of, 187–212; political

struggles shaping, 188–93, 199–

200; political thought, 187–88, 193,

203–4; schools of law, 189, 214 n.20 (
See also
Legal schools); spiritual practice, 204–8; as term, 186–87; theological influences, 196–204; vs. Shiite Islam, 162, 163, 204, 230–31.

See also
Sufism

Sunni–Shi‘a divide, 187–93, 211–12,

218; in modern times, 189

Sura(s), 48; arrangement, 51, 56–57,

77–78, 152; first (
See Al-Fatiha
);

last, 55; length, 49, 77; Meccan
vs.

Medinan, 49, 57–58, 75–76, 77;

numbers and ‘‘titles,’’ 77–78 Al-Suyuti, Jalal al-Din, 139

S-W-M (root), 20

Syria, 189, 234; modern, 139, 178,

179; Sufism in, 252, 256

Al-Ta‘arruf li-madhhab ahl al-tawassuf
(Introduction to the School of the Sufis) (al-Kalabadhi), 207

Tabaqat al-sufiyya
(Generations of Sufis), 256, 259

Tabataba’i, Muhammad Husayn, 228 ‘‘The Table Spread’’ (
al-Ma’ida; Sura

5:1-3), 58

Tafsir
(Qur’anic exegesis), 47, 49, 154,

167

Al-Tahawi, Abu Ja‘far Ahmad, 208; Sunni creed by, 208–11

Tajwid
(Qur’an chanting), 60

Takfir
(unbelievers), accusations of, 204

Talha, 190, 201, 213 n.9

Ta‘lil
(ratiocination), 167–68

Ta‘lim
(Sufi instruction), 261

Tanzih
(transcendence), 34, 197–98

Tanzil,
48

Al-Taqi (Muhammad al-Jawad), 223

Taqiyya
(precautionary dissimulation), 221

Taqlid
(imitation), 157, 195, 213 n.15

Taqwa
(God-consciousness), 22, 34,

173; in Sufism, 139–40, 253, 254

Tarawih
prayers, 23, 41 n.9
Tarbiyya
(Sufi training), 261–62
Tariqa
(path), 206, 261

Tariqa (turuq
) (Sufi orders), 264–65

Tariqa
Shi‘ism, 224

Tasawwuf,
187, 249.
See also
Sufism

Tashbih
(immanence), 34, 198

Tawaf
(circumambulation of the

Ka‘ba
), 29, 30, 32

Tawakkul
(reliance on God), 255

Tawba
(repentance), 250, 254

Tawhid
(oneness of God), 9, 33, 39; Abraham and, 109–11; as fundamental message of Islam, 9, 33; in Mu‘tazili rationalism, 197–98; in Qur’an, 9, 52–53; symbolized in
Ka‘ba,
28; as teaching of messengers, 103, 104

Ta’wil
(allegorical interpretation), 154, 167

Al-Tawrat
(Torah), 36, 115–116, 121 n.10

Tax, Alms/Purification.
See Zakat

Tayyibi Daudis, 238

Testimony, legal, 166, 169

Textile arts, 68, 69 Theology.
See Kalam

Third Compilation of Qur’an, 51, 189–90

Third Pillar of Islam.
See Zakat

Throne Verse, 53, 69

‘‘The Tidings’’ (
Surat al-Naba’; Sura

78:1–17), 57–58

Time, in Qur’an, 82

Index
289

Al-Tirmidhi, al-Hakim, 133, 254–55 Torah.
See Al-Tawrat

Traditionalist literature, Sufi, 258–59 Traditionist movement (
Ahl al-

Hadith
), 160, 161, 177

Training master (
shaykh al-tarbiyya
), 261–63, 264

Transcendence (
tanzih
), 34, 197–98 ‘‘The Tribe of Quraysh’’ (
Quraysh;

Sura
106), 56

Truth, in Sufism, 207–8

Truths of Qur’anic Exegesis
(Sulami), 256

Tunisia, 232

Turkomans, 225

Al-Tustari, Sahl, 254–55, 256, 267 n.18

Twelfth Imam, 162–63

Twelve Imams, 137, 163

Twelver Shi‘ism.
See
Imami (Twelver) Shi‘ism

Ubayy ibn Ka‘b, 189

Ulama
(scholars), 131, 156, 157, 171,

200

Uluw al-Azm,
105

‘Umar ibn ‘Abd al-‘Aziz (Umayyad caliph), 168, 199

‘Umar ibn al-Khattab (second caliph), 23, 167, 201, 212 n.4, 213 nn.9,

14

Umayyad dynasty, 171, 177, 192, 199,

201; and hadith, 141; renunciants,

206; Shi‘ism under, 220–21

U-M-M (root), 9

Umma
(community of Muslims), 9; diversity of, 107–8, 218; early, 187,

188–93, 196–204; ideal, 211–12; in

modern times, 212; in Murji’a thought, 192–93; Sunni-Shi‘a di- vide, 187–88

Umm Habiba, 138

Umm Hani Maryam, 139 Umm Salama, 138

‘
Umra
(pilgrimage), 27 Unbelievers.
See Takfir
United Arab Emirates, 178

United States, 228; Muslims in, 42