Authors: Vincent J. Cornell
Mutawatir,
152–53
Mu‘tazilis, 197–99, 200, 204, 216 n.36
Al-Muwafaqat fi usul al-Shari‘a
(Accepted Doctrines on the Founda- tions of Shari‘a) (Shatibi), 175
Al-Muwatta’
(The Trodden Path) (Malik), 127, 133, 136, 142, 160
Al-Naba’
(‘‘The Tidings’’;
Sura
78:1- 17), 57–58
Nafs,
206.
See also
Ego
Al-Nafs al-Ammara
(Lower Soul), 22– 23
Al-Nafs al-Lawwama
(Self-Blaming Soul), 22
Al-Nafs al-Mutma’inna
(Soul at Peace), 22
Nahrawan, 191
Na’ini, Muhammad Husayn, 227–28 Najm al-Din Kubra, 265
Nakir (angel), 35, 39
Names: for God, 8, 34, 90; for
Muhammad, 119; for Qur’an, 48, 83 ‘‘Names and the decrees’’ (
al-asma’
wa’l-ahkam
), 198
Nasab
(spiritual lineage), 261
Nasiha
(sincere advice), 170–71
Nass,
222, 240
Natural world, 89.
See also
Creation New Testament, 36
Night Journey, 140
‘‘Night of Power’’ (
Laylat al-Qadr
), 23, 41 n.11
Nishapur, 256
Nizari Ismaili Shi‘ism, 163, 232–38
Noah, 103, 105
‘‘No decision but God’s’’ (
la hukma illa li-llah
), 190–91
Non-Muslim religions, 10, 22, 106,
174.
See also
Abrahamic traditions; Christianity; Judaism
North Africa, 160
Numbers, 81, 94 n.23
Nur,
48
Nurbakhshiyya, 224
Al-Nuri, Abu’l-Husayn, 252, 253, 255
Nusus
(Qur’anic injunctions), 54–55, 149, 153
Obedience, individual, 170 Obligation, to emigrate, in Zaydi
Shi‘ism, 240
Obligatory action (
wajib
), 175 Occultation (
ghayba
), of al-Mahdi,
223–24
OIC (Organization of Islamic Conference), 179
Old Testament, 36.
See also Al-
Tawrat
Oneness of God.
See Tawhid
On Schacht’s Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence
(Azami), 142
‘‘The Opening.’’
See Al-Fatiha
Opinion(s): legal (
See Fatwa(s
)); personal (
ra’y
), 160, 195
Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC), 179
‘‘The Origin and Return’’ (
al-mabda’ wa-l-ma‘ad
), 89
The Origins of Islamic Law
(Dutton), 142
The Ornament of God’s Friends and Generations of Pure Ones
(Abu Nu‘aym), 258
Pakistan, 179, 180
Parables, Qur’anic, 90–91
Paradise, 39
Path of Blame, 256
Pentateuch.
See Al-Tawrat
(Torah) ‘‘People of Blame’’ (
Malamatiyya
),
254–55, 256
‘‘People of the Book’’ (
Ahl al-Kitab
), 36, 233
‘‘People of God,’’ 207–8 ‘‘People of the Hadith’’ (
Ahl al-
Hadith
), 132, 195
‘‘People of Remembrance,’’ 237 Permissibility:
halal,
152, 164, 205;
ihaba,
162
Index
283
Personal opinion (
ra’y
), 160, 195
Pets, 130
Pilgrimage: to Mecca, pre-Islamic, 26, 113, 119; in Shiite practice, 230;
‘Umra,
27.
See also Hajj
‘‘The Pilgrimage’’ (
Sura
22), 56
Pillars of Faith, 7, 33–41; angels, 34–
35; Judgment Day, 38–39; oneness
of God, 33–34, 52–53; prophets,
36–38, 53;
qadar,
39–41; sacred
texts, 35–36
Pillars of Islam.
See
Five Pillars of Islam Poetry: and Qur’an, 57, 59, 67; Sufi,
206
‘‘The Poets’’ (
Sura
26), 56 Political thought: Hanbali, 201–4;
individualism of Shari‘a and, 169– 70, 171; Ja‘fari, 222; Khariji, 169–
70, 188–89, 192, 201; in modern
Islam, 204, 212; Murji’a, 192–93,
201; Mu‘tazili theology and, 199,
200; Shiite, 187, 188, 192, 201,
222; Sunni, 187–88, 193, 201–4;
and Sunni-Shi‘a divide, 186–89; and theology, 192–93, 197, 211–12
Polytheism.
See
Idol worship Pragmatism, of
Shari‘a,
168–69 Prayer.
See Salat
Predestination, 39, 41, 198, 199.
See also Qadar
Pre-Islamic period: idol worship, 26, 28; pilgrimage to Mecca, 26, 113,
119; poetry, 57, 59; prophets, 10–
11, 103–4
Prevention of harm (
daf‘ al-darar
), 176
Private life, Qur’an in, 66, 69, 70 Proclamation of faith.
See Shahada
‘‘The Promise and the threat’’ (
al-wa‘d
wa ’l-wa‘id
), 198
Prophetic stage (of Islamic law), 131, 176–77
Prophets, 10–11, 35, 36–38, 53, 101–
20; descent from, in Shiite Islam, 218; elite (
uluw al-azm
), 105; fol- lowers, 104; human diversity and, 107–108; inerrancy (‘
isma
), 37,
105–6; message of, 101–2, 107–8,
119; miracles, 105; number of, 105, 106; outside Abrahamic tradition, 106; pre-Islamic, 10–11, 103–4; Qur’anic stories of, 91; and revelation, 102, 105; sinlessness, 36–
37; as submitters to God, 103–4,
119;
vs.
messengers (
rasul
), 105; women, 106–107; words of, status of, 49.
See also
Abraham; Jesus; Moses; Muhammad
Prostration, 12–13
Psalms of David (
al-Zabur
), 36, 113 Public interest.
See Istislah; Maslaha
Purification, 17, 23, 27–28, 29, 32 Purification Tax.
See Zakat
Qadar
(determination by God), 39–41, 198, 199, 204
Qadi
(jurists), 128, 164, 187
Qajar dynasty, 226, 227–28
Al-Qaradawi, Yusuf, 157, 168
Qasimi dynasty, 242
Qat‘i
rulings, 153
Qibla
(direction of prayer), 16, 172–73
Qivas
(analogical reasoning), 167
Qizilbashi
Shi‘ism, 225
Qom, 224
Qubaysiyyat, 139
Qur’an, 33–34, 36, 47–60, 65–92,
151–52; Abraham in, 109–11; Arabic script of, 68–69; aural encounter of, 66–67; awareness– experience (‘
ilm
–‘
amal
) interplay, 79–80, 83; in Battle of Siffin, 190–
91; as book, 47; on charity, 18, 20, 41 n.6; on Christians and Jews, 120; compilations, 50–51, 189–90, 212 n.4; as created, 199–200; on creation, 33, 101, 120 n.1; as education for individual, 172–73; in English, study of (
See
Qur’anic study in English); in everyday customs, 70; faith as theme, 52–53; genre, 51–52;
God in, 34, 52–53, 58–59, 81–82;
gradualism, 168; on greed, 18, 20,
40; as guidance, 52; Hadith and, 73,
284
Index
153; on the
Hajj,
25, 27–31;
historical context, 49, 57, 75–76;
ihsan
(virtue) in, 34, 84–85, 91;
imagery, 87–88, 89, 90; inerrancy
(‘
isma
), 102; inimitability, 50;
injunctions on conduct, 54–55, 149, 153; invisible world in, 88; Jesus in, 37, 116–19; on Judgment Day, 38–
39; on justice, 173–75; as legal
(
Shari‘a
) source, 51, 149, 151–54, 156; ‘‘literal’’ reading of, 79; in lives of Muslims, 60, 66–73; as Logos (‘‘divine Word’’), 82–83; meaning of term, 47–48, 66; memorization, 70,
77; on messengers, 105;
monotheism in, 9, 52–53; Moses in,
113–15; Muhammad in, 36, 37–38,
127, 219; multiple meanings, 74,
78–79, 80–81; names, 48, 83; names
for God, 8, 34, 90; organization and
structure, 48–49, 51, 55–57, 59, 77–
78, 152; on prayer (
Salat
), 15, 54;
printed, 70, 93 n.8; on prophets, 36,
37, 53, 102–4, 107–8; on prophets’ families, 218; public interest and, 176; and Ramadan, 20, 21–22, 23,
71; ratiocination (
ta’lil
), 167;
recitation of, 13, 66–67, 69, 70–71,
189–90; as revelation, 33–34, 49–
50, 83; revelation to Muhammad,
10, 23, 41 n.11, 47, 49, 75; rituals
and, 54, 69–71; in Shi‘ism, 163;
social concerns, 53, 54; spiritual ‘‘map’’ of, 89; as spiritual mirror, 83, 92; stories, parables, and allusions in, 90; style, 57–60;
Sunna
and, 126–
28, 153, 194; teaching of, 169;
themes, 52–56, 59, 89–91, 151–52;
time in, 82; translation of, 50 (
See also
Qur’an translations); unity of meaning and expression in, 80–81; visual encounter of, 68–69.
See also Sura(s);
Verses
Qur’an chanting (
tajwid
), 60 Qur’anic injunctions (
nusus
), 54–55,
149, 153
Qur’anic interpretation, 59, 71–73, 79,
80, 83–88; Arabic religious sciences
and, 72, 73; intuition in, 80, 83–84;
Islamic humanities and, 72, 73, 85;
legal approaches, 154, 158, 166,
167–68; Sufi, 250.
See also
Qur’anic scholarship; Qur’anic study in English
Qur’anic language: ambiguity, 78–79, 86; audience and narrator terms, 85–
86; coherence, 86–87; dialect, 190;
education in, 68, 93 n.7; imagery,
87–88, 89; multiple meanings, 74,
78–79, 80–81; perspective and voice
shifts, 85; pronouns, 78;
punctuation, 78; study of, 72; style,
57–59, 81; symbolic
correspondences, 78–79, 83, 86–87,
88, 90–91; terms of address, 85–86;
time, 82; transitions, 57; triliteral
roots, 6, 74, 80–81; unity with
meaning, 80–81; verbal, 81–82, 94 n.24
Qur’anic recitation, 13, 66–67, 69, 70–
71
Qur’anic scholarship, 47–48, 49, 60,
79; Arabic religious sciences in, 72, 73; on charity, 19; on Medinan
suras,
76–77, 88;
tafsir,
47, 49, 154, 167.
See also
Islamic scholarship; Qur’anic interpretation
Qur’anic study in English, 65–66, 73–
92; aural encounter of Qur’an, 66–
67; biblical associations, 83–85;
historical contexts, 75–77, 88;
interpretive principles, 83–88;
interpretive traditions, 71–73;
intuition, 83–84; obstacles to, 65–
66, 72, 74, 75–88; order and
structure, 77–78; resources, 74;
spiritual virtues (
ihsan
), 84–85, 91; symbolic nature of Qur’an, 78–79; translations, 65–66, 73–74, 79, 88; unifying themes, 89–91.
See also
Qur’anic language
The Qur’an Interpreted
(Arberry), 74, 79, 88
Qur’an readers, 51, 190, 212 n.4, 252
Index
285
Qur’an rituals, 69–71
Qur’an schools (
maktab
), 68
Qur’an translations, English, 65–66, 73–74, 79, 88
Quraysh
(
Sura
106), 56
Quraysh tribe, 26, 190, 202, 204, 219
Al-Qushayri, Abu’l-Qasim, 207, 259–
60, 262, 265
Qut al-Qulub
(The Sustenance of Hearts) (Makki), 207, 216 n.36, 258
Rabi‘a al-‘Adawiyya, 250, 252
Raf‘ al-haraj
(removal of hardship), 176
Rahma,
48
Raka‘at
(movements during prayer), 12–13, 15
Ramadan, 20–24; end of, 23–24, 41
n.11; fasting (
Sawm
), 20–24, 54;
Qur’an and, 23, 71; Qur’an on, 20, 21–22; as submission to will of God, 6; timing, 21–22, 23–24
Raqa’iq,
133–34
Rashidun
(‘‘rightly guided’’ caliphs), 202, 213 n.14
Al-Rassi, Qasim ibn Ibrahim, 241
Rasul
(messenger), 105.
See also
Messengers Ratiocination (
ta‘lil
), 167
Rationalism:
Ahl al-Ra’y,
177, 195; in
Hanafi school, 159; Mu‘tazili, 197–
200; in Qur’an, 167; in Shafi‘i
school, 160;
Usili,
226
Ra’y
(personal opinion), 160, 195
Reality: of Qur’an, 82–83, 85; in
Sufism, 207–8, 253–54
Reform,
Shari‘a
and, 156, 168–69,
170, 176–80
Religion (
din
), 7; messengers and, 105
Religious sciences, Arabic, 72, 73 Remembrance.
See Dhikr
‘‘Reminders,’’ 35101
Removal of hardship (
raf‘ al-haraj
), 176
Renunciants, 206, 249–52
Repentance (
tawba
), 198, 250, 254 Revelation (
wahy;
Word of God), 49;
continuity, 107–8; cycle, 108, 109;
Jesus as, 33–34, 116, 199–200;
prophets’ role in, 102, 105; Qur’an
as, 33–34, 49–50; as Reality of Qur’an, 82–83; renunciants and, 250;
Shari‘a
and, 149; Sunni
vs.
Shiite, 163
Revival of the Religious Sciences
(al- Ghazali), 207, 258, 260
Riba
(usury), 165, 180
Rida, Muhammad Rashid, 157, 158
‘‘Right action,’’79–80, 83
‘‘Rightly guided’’ caliphs (
Rashidun
), 202, 213 n.14
Al-Risala
(Qushayri), 207, 259–60,
262
Al-Risala
(Shafi‘i), 126, 128, 131,
142, 160, 196
Ritual(s): cycles, 69–70; as Five Pillars of Islam, 5, 7, 8–33; Qur’anic
recitation in, 69, 70–71; Qur’an on,
54, 172–73; social dimensions, 54,
172–73; Sufi, 254, 262, 263–64,
267 n.16; in
Sunna,
127;
ziyara,
263–64.
See also Hajj; Salat; Sawm; Shahada; Zakat