Voices of Islam (58 page)

Qadar

Devotional conduct (
‘ibadat
), 150–51, 172, 175

Dhikr,
48, 67, 71, 86; in Shi‘ism, 237;

in Sufism, 206, 253, 258

Dhu’l-Nun al-Misri, 250, 252

Din
(religion), 7; messengers and, 105

Dissidents, 204, 213 n.13 Dissimulation, precautionary (
taqiyya
),

221

Divine Act, in Qur’anic language, 81– 82

Divine inspiration (
ilham
), 49 Divine selection, 250, 252, 255 Divinization, of human, 254 Divorce law.
See
Marriage law

Al-Durar al-kamina
(The Hidden Pearls) (Ibn Hajar), 139

Duties, in
Shari‘a,
150, 164–65

Dutton, Yasin, 142

D-Y-N (root), 7

Ecstatic utterances (
shath
), 251 Education: Hadith as tool of, 7; learning of Qur’an, 59–60;

madrasas,
230, 239;
Shari‘a
as tool

of, 172–73; Shiite doctrine, 233 Ego: fasting and, 22–23; in Sufism,

206

Egypt, 178, 179, 231, 252, 256; law

in, 178, 179

Electors, 203

‘‘The Elephant’’ (
Sura
105), 56

Encyclopaedia of the Qur’an,
60, 74
Encyclopedia of Islamic Law,
179 English translations of Qur’an, 65–66,

73–74, 79, 88.
See also
Qur’anic study in English

Essential interests (
dariyyat
), 175–76 Ethics: in Qur’an, 51, 54-55.
See also

Good
vs.
evil; Morality

‘‘The Evangel’’ (
al-Injil;
Gospel of Jesus), 36

Eve, 107, 108

Index
275

Existential ignorance, 79 Experience: knowledge through

(
ma‘rifa
), 253; role in Qur’anic interpretation, 79–80

Expiations (
kaffara
), 165

The Extensive Book
(al-Sarakhsi), 151

Faith (
iman
), 33; and acts, 192–93,

198, 204; and charity, 18; and

fasting, 22; and free will, 198, 204;

Hanbali thought on, 204, 205;

Kharijite thought on, 193, 204; of

leader, 192, 201–3; Mu‘tazili

thought on, 198–99; Pillars of, 33–

41, 52–53; in Qur’an, 52–53.
See

also
Believer

Family life, Qur’an in, 66, 69, 70

Faqihs
(legal scholars; jurists), 128, 150, 187

Al-Farra’, Abu Ya‘la, 203

Fasiq
(malefactor), 199

Fasting, 22, 136–37; at Ramadan

(
Sawm
), 20–24, 54

Al-Fatiha
(‘‘The Opening’’), 13, 77; in

Muslim life, 67, 69, 70

Fatima, 137, 218, 219

Fatwa
(s) (legal opinions), 154–55, 157; academy-issued, 179; collec-

tions, 180; force of, 135, 150; and
ijtihad,
154–55; in modern times, 157, 179, 180; pragmatism in, 169; religious
vs.
objective evidence in, 164; Shafi‘i school on, 161; in Shiite Islam, 196; source texts, 128, 135

Feast of Fast-Breaking (‘
Id al-Fitr
), 24 Feast of Sacrifice (‘
Id al-Adha
), 32, 112 Fifth Imam, 163

Fifth Pillar of Islam.
See Hajj

Al-Fil
(‘‘The Elephant’’;
Sura
105), 56

Financial institutions, 180

Fiqh,
149–51; historical phases, 176–

77; in modern times, 177–80
Al-Fiqh al-Islami wa Adillatuhu
(Islamic Jurisprudence and Its

Proofs) (al-Zuhayli), 151

First Compilation of Qur’an, 50–51

First Pillar of Islam.
See Shahada

(proclamation of faith) First Shahada, 9–10

Fitra,
10

Five Pillars of Islam, 5, 7, 8–33;
fiqh
law based on, 150–51;
Sawm
(Ramadan fast), 20–24, 54;
Shahada
(proclamation of faith), 8–11;
Zakat
(mandatory charity), 17–20, 41 n.6,

54.
See also Hajj; Salat
Five Values, of
Shari‘a,
164 Forbidden (
haram
), 164

Founding Sunna (
sunna mu’assisa
), 153

Fourth Imam, 162–63

Fourth Pillar of Islam.
See Sawm
Free will, 41, 198, 199, 204 Friendship with God (
walaya
), 250,

255

‘‘Friends of God’’ (
awliya Allah
), 207, 250, 254, 263–64

F-T-R (root), 10

Al-Furqan
(‘‘The Criterion’’), 48, 56,

83

Gabriel, Angel of Revelation.
See
Angel Gabriel

Generations of Sufis,
256, 259

Ghadir Khumm, Muhammad’s speech at, 219

Ghayba
(occultation), of al-Mahdi, 223–24

Al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid, 140–41, 203–

4, 207, 213 n.15, 258, 260 Gibb, H.A.R., 134–35

God, 8, 9–11, 33–34; as Actor, 81,

253; attributes, 34, 38, 53; covenant

with, 10, 108, 120; deferral of judgment to, 192–93; determination of affairs by (
qadar
), 39–41, 198, 199; ‘‘Friends of’’ (
See Awliya Allah
); in ideal society, 211; immanence, 34, 198; indebtedness

to, 7, 9–10; and Jesus, 116, 118–

119; Judgment Day and, 38; justice

of (
‘adl
), 173–75, 198; in Mu‘tazili

thought, 197–98; names, 8, 34, 90;

276
Index

oneness of (
See Tawhid
); and prophets, 37, 106—107; in Qur’an,

34, 52–53, 58–59, 81; and Qur’an as created, 199–200; Qur’an as Word of, 33–34, 49–50; reliance on (
tawakkul
), 255; sacred texts revealed by, 35–36; selection by, 250, 252, 255; in
Shahada
(proclamation of faith), 8–11; signs of (
See
Signs); Sufis and, 139–40, 206, 250, 251–52, 253–54;

transcendence, 34, 197–98; Word of (
See
Revelation).
See also
Submission to will of God

God-consciousness (
taqwa
), 22, 34,

173; in Sufism, 139–40, 253, 254

Golconda, 227

Good and evil: in God’s actions, 198; human choice of, 38, 41, 198;

obligations regarding, 170, 199,

202.
See also
Morality Gospel of Jesus (
al-Injil;
‘‘The

Evangel’’), 36

Governmental affairs law.
See Al- Ahkam al-sultaniyya

Greed, 18, 20, 40

Greek sciences, 197

Guardian Angels, 14, 35

Guidance, 52, 53, 218

Hadith (Word of Muhammad), 51, 59,

212 n.1; authentification, 131–35,

136–37, 141–42, 152–53;

challenges to, 141–42; collections, 132–35, 138, 141, 188, 196, 200,

214–15 n.20; language of, 78–79;
mutawatir,
152–53; Qur’an and, 153; as Qur’anic interpretation, 73;

in Shiite Islam, 137–38, 163, 188,

212 n.2, 215 n.20, 219; solitary

(
ahad
), 132, 136, 137, 142, 152–53;

and
Sunna,
127, 130, 136–37, 194;

as teaching method, 7

Hadith of the Angel Gabriel, 7–8, 9, 34 Hadith scholars (
muhaddithun
), 128,

131–35, 136; Sufi, 140; women,

138–39

Hafsa, 138, 189, 212 n.4

Hagar, 27, 28, 31, 35

Hajj
(pilgrimage to Mecca), 25–33, 54; events commemorated, 27–28,

111–12; history, 26, 112; rites, 28–

33; social dimension, 29, 54;

stampedes, 42 n.14

Al-Hajj
(‘‘The Pilgrimage’’;
Sura
22), 56

Al-Hakam, Hisham ibn, 222

Al-Hakim, Muhammad ibu ‘Abdallah, 133

Halal
(permissible), 152, 164, 205

Hanafa
(term), 121 n.5

Hanafi school of law, 159–60, 161,

178; hadith and
Sunna,
136, 137,

193

Hanbali school of law, 136, 161–62,

200, 214 n.19, 216 n.31; faith, 204,

205; hadith, 137; legal thought,

200–201, 214 n.19; political

thought, 201–4

Hanif
(true devotee), 103, 113, 121 n.5

Haqa’iq al-tafsir
(Truths of Qur’anic Exegesis) (Sulami), 256

Haqq
(truth; reality), 207–8, 253–64

Haram
(forbidden), 152, 164, 205 Hardship, removal of (
raf‘ al-haraj
),

176

Harim
(women’s section), 13–14 Harm, prevention of (
daf‘ al-darar
),

176

Harut (angel), 35

Hasan
(moral good), 198

Hasan (son of ‘Ali), 191, 213 n.14, 219, 220

Hazm, Hakim Ibn, 18–19

Hebrew scriptures, 111.
See also al- Tawrat

Hell, 39, 198

Herat, 138, 258

Hidden Imam, 223–24, 228–29, 240

Hijra
(obligation to emigrate), 240

Hikma
(wisdom), 48, 126

Hilyat al-awliya’ wa tabaqat al-asfiya’

(The Ornament of God’s Friends

Index
277

and Generations of Pure Ones) (Abu Nu‘aym), 140, 258

Hims, 189

Hisba,
170

History, Qur’an as book of, 51 H-J-J (root), 25

Hud (prophet), 36, 103

Huda,
48

Al-Hujwiri, ‘Ali, 19, 41 n.6, 259, 260,

262, 265

Hukm
(ruling), 150

Hulul
(doctrine of inherence), 254 Humanity: diversity of, and messages of

prophets, 107–8; divination of, 254;

of Jesus, 116, 122 n.17, 199–200; of Muhammad, 37; Qur’anic concern with, 53

Humility, 9, 13, 29

Husayn ibn ‘Ali (imam), 213 n.14, 219; line, 222; martyrdom, 229–31,

240

‘Ibadat
(devotional conduct), 150–51, 172, 175

Ibadi school, 136

Ibadiyya, 193

Ibn ‘Abbas, 127

Ibn ‘Abidin, 159

Ibn Hajar al-Askalani, 139

Ibn Hanbal, Ahmad, 161, 200–204,

214 n.19, 214 n.20;
Musnad,
133,

200.
See also
Hanbali school of law Ibn Maja, 133

Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, 172, 174, 175
‘Id al-Adha
(Feast of Sacrifice), 32, 112
‘Id al-Fitr
(Feast of Fast-Breaking), 24 Idol worship, 26, 28, 109–11

‘‘If God wills’’ (
in sha’ Allah
), 70
Iftar
(breaking of the fast), 24
Ihram
(ritual purity), 28, 29, 32

Ihsan
(virtue; benevolence), 34, 84–85,

91, 174

Ihya’ ‘ulum al-din
(Revival of the Reli- gious Sciences) (al-Ghazali), 207, 258, 260

I‘jaz al-Qur’an
(inimitability of Qur’an), 50

Ijma‘
(juridical consensus), 150, 163,

171, 188, 214 n.19

Ijma‘ ahl al-Medina,
160

Ijtihad
(independent reasoning), 136, 150–51, 171, 175; collective, 178,

179–80; and goals, 172; historical phases, 176–77; in modern times, 157–58, 178–79, 180, 212; in

Shi‘ism, 226, 230, 240–41;
vs.

fatwa,
154–55

Ilham
(divine inspiration), 49, 163

‘Ilm
(spiritual awareness), 79–80, 83,

222

‘Ilm al-batin. See
Internal knowledge

‘Ilm al-huruf
(science of letters), 94 n.23

Iltizam
(unilateral stipulation), 162 Imagery, Qur’anic, 87–88, 89, 90

Imagination, 80

Imam(s), 187; earliest, 219–21;

Hanbali thought on, 201, 202–3;

Hidden, 223–24, 228–29, 240;

Imami Shi‘ism, 163, 220–21; Ismaili

Shi‘ism, 163, 231; Kharijite thought,

192; as legal source, 163, 196; in

Nizari Shi‘ism, 163, 235, 236–37;

Shi‘ism, 163, 196, 201, 219–21;

Shi‘ite doctrine, 162–63, 222, 237,

240; Sunni Islam, 203–4; Twelfth,

162–63; Twelve, 137, 163; Zaydi

Shi‘ism, 163, 240

Imami (Twelver) Shi‘ism, 137, 162–

63, 220–21, 222–31; doctrines and

practices, 229–31, 241; Ja‘fari school

of law, 162, 221–22; modern, 227–

29

Iman. See
Faith Imitation.
See Taqlid

Imitator (
muqallid
), 213 n.15 Immanence (
tashbih
), 34, 198

Indebtedness to God, 7, 9–10 Independent reasoning.
See Ijtihad
India, 179, 227

Individual, education of, as
Shari‘a

goal, 172–73

Individualism, of
Shari‘a,
169–71 Inerrancy.
See ‘Isma

278
Index

Inimitability of Qur’an, doctrine of (
i‘jaz al-Qur’an
), 50

Al-Injil
(Gospel of Jesus; ‘‘The Evangel’’), 36

Inquisition, of al-Mamun, 199–200
In sha’ Allah
(‘‘if God wills’’), 70 Inspiration, divine (
ilham
), 49, 163

Intent: of Qur’an, in
Shari‘a,
167; and responsibility, 92, 165

‘‘Intermediate state’’ of believer, 199 Internal knowledge (
‘ilm al-batin
),

205; Sufi cultivation of, 205–6, 216

n.31, 250, 255

Interpretation.
See Tafsir; Ta’wil

Intuition, 80, 83–84

Iran: Buwahid Sultans, 224; Ramadan, 24; Safavid dynasty, 225–26;

Shi‘ism, 137, 223; Shi‘ism, modern Imami, 227–29; Shi‘ism, Nizari Ismailis, 233–34; Sufism, 251, 254–

57, 259, 260

Iraq, 189, 227–28, 254, 256

Isaac, 28, 111

Isfahan, 226, 258

Ishmael (
Isma‘il
), 27, 28, 35, 103,