Trials of Passion (55 page)

p. 43
affidavit:
Ibid.

p. 45
supervision:
Report of the Metropolitan Commissioners on Lunacy, 1844 (London: Bradbury & Evans, 1844), pp. 44–5. Available at
http://www.archive.Org/stream/reportofmetropol001ond#page/n3/mode/2up

p. 46
to the head: The Times,
17 January 1872

p. 46
sleep:
National Archives HO 45 9297/9472 C477970

p. 48
Sussex: Morning Post,
22 September 1856

p. 49
apparatus:
J. Crichton-Browne, MD, FRSE, ‘Clinical Lectures on Mental and Cerebral Diseases',
British Medical fournal,
29 July 1871, pp. 113–14

p. 50
roused at all:
William Acton,
The Functions and Disorders of the Reproductive Organs
(London: J. & A. Churchill, 6th edn, 1875), p. 212. Available at
http://archive.org/details/functionsdisordeOOactorich

p. 51
century
: See, for instance, Edward John Tilt (who had also written a key book on the menopause), ‘On Hysteria and Its Interpreters',
British Medical Journal
, 16 December 1871, pp. 690–2

p. 52
self-control:
Julius Althaus, MD, MRCP, ‘A Lecture on the Pathology and Treatment of Hysteria',
British Medical Journal
, 10 March 1866, pp. 245–8

p. 53
large a one:
George Drysdale,
The Elements of Social Science
(London: E. Truelove, 1861), pp. 179-85; above quote, p. 180. Available at
http://archive.org/stream/elementssocials01drysgoog#page/n4/mode/2up

p. 54
eleven languages:
Mary S. Hartman,
Victorian Murderesses
(New York: Schocken Books, 1977), p. 158

p. 55
clitoridectomy:
In the 1860s Isaac Baker Brown thought female masturbation occasioned everything from hysteria to epilepsy to death. See his
The Curability of Certain Forms of Insanity, Epilepsy, Catalepsy, and Hysteria in Females
(1866); available at
http://archive.org/stream/oncurabili- tycer00browgoog#page/n5/mode/2up
. He was notorious for his clitoridectomies. But in 1867 he was expelled from the Obstetrical Society of London for carrying out the operations without consent, while the Lunacy Commission investigated him for carrying out unlicensed operations on ‘lunatics'. See also J. B. Fleming, ‘Clitoridectomy: The Disastrous Downfall of Isaac Baker Brown, FRCS',
Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Empire,
67(6) (December 1960), pp. 1017–34

p. 56
marvelous results:
Ibid., p. 248

p. 56
functional disorders: Brighton Gazette,
on front page of various issues during 1869

p. 56
orgasm:
Rachel P. Maines,
The Technology of Orgasm
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999)

p. 57
could not breathe: The Times,
17 January 1872

p. 59
speak of desire:
This is true even of passions between women, as that between Emily Faithfull and Helen Codrington suggests. See Emma Donoghue's retelling of that relationship in
The Sealed Letter
(London: Picador, 2011)

p. 60
so well:
Summerscale,
Mrs Robinson's Disgrace

p. 61
too strong:
Ibid., pp. 204–7

p. 61
had it:
‘The Robinson Divorce Case',
Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper,
27 June 1858

p. 63
middle life: The Times,
12 June 1876, as cited by Hartman,
Victorian Murderesses,
p. 165, but not found in
The Times
of that date

p. 64
melancholy:
J.-E. D. Esquirol,
Des Maladies Mentales,
3 vols (Paris: Bailliere, 1838). Available at Gallica.fr. Vol. 2, pp. 32–7

p. 67
the prison: The Times,
30 December 1871

p. 67
correction: The Times,
1 January 1872

p. 69
accused sister: Daily News,
16 January 1872. As below in description of Christiana

p. 69
committed:
‘Household Crime',
Household Words,
1852, p. 277, cited by Robb, ‘Circe in Crinoline'

p. 71
the second:
See, for example, the images in
Vaught's Practical Character Reader
(1902) in
Public Domain Review
,
http://publicdomainreview.org/2013/03/19/phrenology-diagrams-from-vaughts-practical-character-reader-1902/
, accessed 5 April 2013

p. 73
shop in them:
John Ruskin,
Fors Clavigera,
letter 30. Available at Archive.org

p. 76
gesticulation: Daily News
, 16 January 1872

p. 77
prosecutorial behaviour:
Thomas Seccombe, ‘Ballantine, William (1812–1887)', rev. H. C. G. Matthew,
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004); online edn January 2009,
http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/1227
, accessed 5 April 2012

p. 77
twice he lost:
John Andrew Hamilton, ‘Parry, John Humffreys (1816-80)',
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

p. 79
court of justice: Daily News
, 16 January 1872

p. 84
vicious impulses:
From Henry Maudsley,
The Pathology of Mind
(London: Macmillan, 1895), cited in my
Mad, Bad and Sad
(London: Virago, 2008), p. 111. Also, see T. H. Turner, ‘Henry Maudsley',
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

p. 86
insane neurosis:
Henry Maudsley,
Responsibility in Mental Disease
(London: C. Kegan Paul, 3rd edn, 1876), p. 40

p. 88
complexity:
See my
Mad, Bad and Sad
for a fuller history of this movement

p. 89
be spared:
Matthew Hale,
The History of the Pleas of the Crown
(1736), pp. 34–5, cited in
http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/Legal%20Historians%20Brief.pdf
, accessed 1 May 2012. United States Supreme Court, no. 06- 6407, Brief of Amici Curiae of Legal Historians in support of petitioner Scott Lewis Panetti v Nathaniel Quarterman

p. 90
his affairs:
Maudsley,
Responsibility in Mental Disease,
pp. 90–1

p. 90
punishment:
The full case from which other quotations are taken is available in
A Complete Collection of State Trials and Proceedings for High Treason and Other Crimes and Misdemeanours, from the earliest period to the year 1783,
compiled by T. B. Howell (London: Longmans, 1816), vol. 16, pp. 696–766. Available at
http://books.google.co.uk/books

p. 92
character of insanity: The Speeches of the Hon. Thomas Erskine (now Lord Erskine) when at the Bar
(London: James Ridgway, 1813), vol. 1. Available at
http://books.google.co.uk
. Also quoted in Maudsley,
Responsibility in Mental Disease,
pp. 90ff

p. 92
case of 1812
: See
R
v Bellingham, Session Papers, Justice Hall, Old Bailey, 1811–13, Fifth Session 1812, pp. 263–74, cited in Kathleen S. Goddard, ‘A Case of Injustice? The Trial of John Bellingham',
American Journal of Legal History,
voL 46, no. 1 (January 2004)

p. 93
justice myself:
Ibid., p. 8

p. 94
right from wrong
: Ibid., p. 12, and R v Bellingham, p. 273

p. 95
adopted:
OBSP R v Bellingham, 1812, case 433, at
http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/browse.jsphd=t18120513-5&div=t18120513-5&terms=john|bellingham#highlight

p. 96
day and night:
Much of Cockburn's opening and closing statements can be found in G. W. Keeton,
Guilty but Insane
(London: Macdonald, 1961), pp. 62-105, 94

p. 96
have to say:
Ibid., p. 98

p. 98
reasoning self:
C. C. H. Marc,
De lafolie: considérée dans ses rapports avec les questions médico-legales
(Paris: Baillière, 1840), p. 6. Available at h ttp: //books. google. co. uk/bookshd=-hPaV 1 T29awC &printsec=front- cover#v=onepage&q&f= false

p. 99
prevented:
Hansard, 13 March 1843, ‘Insanity and Crime', House of Lords debate, 13 March 1843, vol. 67, cc. 714–44

p. 100
later noted:
Maudsley,
Responsibility in Mental Disease,
citing Judge Ladd in the case of State v Jones in New Hampshire, p. 99

p. 101
liable to punishment:
Cited in Keeton,
Guilty hut Insane,
p. 104

p. 102
cunning:
See
The Times,
16 January 1872, for the various quotations from the case

p. 104
two years later:
J. M. Rigg, ‘Martin, Sir Samuel (1801-1883)', rev. Hugh Mooney,
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography,
http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/18210
, accessed 5 April 2012

p. 108
fortitude: The Times,
16 January 1872

p. 109
medical men: Reynold's News,
20 January 1872;
The Times,
20 January 1872

p. 109
Christiana Edmunds:
Ibid,

p. 110
reprieve:
Ibid.

p. 112
execution:
Letter of 18 January 1872 from Baron Martin to Home Secretary, National Archives HO 45 9297/9472 C477970

p. 113
diminished radically:
Martin J. Wiener,
Men of Blood: Violence, Manliness and Criminal Justice in Victorian England
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), pp. 19–23

p. 114
other means:
Robb, ‘Circe in Crinoline', p. 186: ‘Women tried for
poisoning their husbands between 1830 and 1900 were convicted 60% of the time – a much higher conviction rate than ... in general, in which only 40% of the accused were found guilty'

p. 114
prison population:
Lucia Zedner,
Women, Crime and Custody in Victorian England
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991), passim. For current statistics on percentages of female to male prisoners, see
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/ik/06/prisons/html/nn2pagel.stm

p. 114
guilty of murder:
Wiener,
Men of Blood,
pp. 128–30

p. 114
1890s:
Ibid., p. 148

p. 115
manslaughter:
Ibid., p. 149

p. 115
was the same:
Ibid., p. 133

p. 116
consideration:
National Archives H045/9297/9742 C477970

p. 117
insane than Christiana:
Memorial of Sydney Cornish Harrington, National Archives H045/9297/9742 C477970

p. 117
outrage or injustice: Daily Telegraph
, 22 January 1872

p. 118
symptoms:
Nick Hervey, ‘Gull, Sir William Withey, 1st baronet (1816–1890)',
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography;
online edn, May 2006,
http://www.oxford dnb.com/view/article/11730
, accessed 4 May 2012. See also my
Mad, Bad and Sad

p. 118
his house:
Mark Stevens,
Broadmoor Revealed, Victorian Crime and the Lunatic Asylum
(online); M. P. Park, R. H. R. Park, ‘The fine art of patient–doctor relationships',
British Medical Journal
, 329 (2004), pp. 1475–80,
http://www.bmj.com/content/329/7480/1475?variant=short
, accessed 6 May 2012

p. 119
accordingly:
Sir William Gull to Secretary of State, Home Department, 23 January 1872, National Archives H045/9297/9472 C477970

p. 121
acquitted as insane:
Forbes Winslow, ‘Insanity and Homicide',
British Journal of Psychiatry
, April 1872, pp. 64ff

p. 121
next century:
Anon., ‘The Legal and Medical Tests of Insanity',
British Medical Journal,
27 January 1872, p. 104

p. 122
brain disaster:
Anon., ‘The Legal Test of Insanity',
British Medical Journal,
3 February 1872, pp. 129-30

p. 127
presence:
Broadmoor Hospital Case Notes for Christiana Edmunds, pp. 206f, 208, 2011; D/H14/D2/1/2/1, courtesy Berkshire Record Office

p. 129
kind to her:
Broadmoor Hospital Case Notes, letter and notes of 1874, D/H14/D2/2/2/204/4

p. 130
occasion for it:
Ibid., p. 208, 8 July 1876

PART TWO

p. 137
shoot:
Much of the material on Marie Bière comes from Judicial Dossier D2 U8 96 of the Archives de la Seine, now housed in the Archives de Paris. The dossier contains all the materials prepared by the
juge d'instruction
for the trial and includes police reports and witness statements, supplemented by newspaper reports of the trial proceedings. The most famous of these are from the pen of
Le Figaro's
Albert Bataille, the assiduous court reporter who from his arrival in Paris in 1875 at the age of just twenty had made a reputation as the best and most accurate of the court journalists. Marie Bière's case also features in his
Causes Criminelles et Mondaines de 1880
(Paris: É. Dentu, Éditeur, 1881)

p. 140
follow her:
Émile Zola,
Carnets d'Enquêtes
(Research Notebooks), p. 312, quoted in Frederick Brown,
Zola: A Life
(London: Macmillan, 1995), p. 418

p. 142
open heart:
Judicial Dossier D2 U8 96, pp. 6-8 of the
juge d'instructions
papers

p. 160
evidence:
Presse Judiciaire Parisienne,
Le Palais de Justice: Son monde et ses moeurs,
prefaced by Alexandre Dumas
fils
(Paris, 1892), pp. 340ff. I am indebted here as with so much else of this juridical matter to Ruth Harris,
Murders and Madness
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989)