Three Scientific Revolutions: How They Transformed Our Conceptions of Reality (37 page)

Beginning of Infinity: Explanations that Transform the World, The
(Deutsch),
222
,
251

Bell, John Stewart,
205

Bellarmine, Cardinal,
48
–
49

Benghazi, killing of American diplomats,
250
–
51

Bentley, Richard,
76
–
77

Bergson, Henri,
242

Bernoulli, Daniel,
107

Bernoulli, Johann,
88

Berthollet, Claude Louis,
122

Berzelius, Jöns Jakob,
128
,
131
–
32
,
133
,
135
,
136

beta
rays (19β),
156
,
157
,
158
,
176
,
182
–
83

Big Bang theory,
14
,
140
,
141
,
214
,
217
,
223
,
224
,
252

Biography of Isaac Newton, A
(Westfall),
68
–
69

biological method of scientific explanation,
65

Bjorken, James,
213

Black, Joseph,
93

blackbody radiation,
70
,
84
,
158
–
59
,
160
–
61
,
163
,
182
,
184
,
185
–
86

black holes,
14
,
172
,
224
,
226

Blue Gene (computer),
235

Bohr, Niels,
14
,
178
–
84
,
209
,
219
–
20

Bohr-Sommerfeld quantum conditions,
190

“Bohr's radius,”
182

and Einstein,
183
,
188
,
200

and Heisenberg,
187
–
91
,
199
,
200
–
201

on hydrogen,
180
,
182
,
183
,
184
,
186
,
206

on meaning of understanding,
189
–
90
,
204

on Pauli and Heisenberg unified field theory,
227

and quantum mechanics,
181
,
184
,
187
,
201
–
202

Bohr's Institute's impact on,
206

Copenhagen Interpretation,
183
,
203
,
220

response to EPR article,
201
–
202

and Schrödinger,
199

solar model of the atom,
14
,
181
,
183
,
184
,
186
–
87
,
192
,
194
,
205
,
209

Boltzmann, Ludwig,
161
,
164

Born, Max,
184
,
190
,
191
–
92
,
193
,
196
–
98

Bose, S. N.,
210

bosons,
13
,
208
,
210
,
212

Higgs boson (“God particle”),
208
,
213
,
221
,
228
,
243

vector bosons.
See
W particles; Z particles

Boston Marathon bombing,
254

Boulton, Mathew,
93

Boyle, Robert,
23
,
67
,
69
,
76
,
78
,
96
,
117
,
118
,
125

Bracciolini, Poggio,
25

Brahe, Tycho,
10
,
38
,
40
,
42
,
49

brain

compared to a computer,
232
–
33
,
247
–
48

and consciousness,
246
–
47
,
248

installing human brain in a robot,
240
–
42

“reverse engineering,”
234
–
35
,
236
–
37

“Brane World,”
227

Brewster, David,
94
–
96

Brookhaven National Laboratory,
211
,
213

Brougham, Henry,
110

Brown, Robert,
164

Browne, Edward,
88

Brownian motion,
163
,
164

Bruno, Giordano,
12
,
46
,
55

Bunsen, Robert,
148

Buridan, Jean,
60

Caccini, Tommaso,
48

Callipus of Cyzicus,
20

Cambridge University,
67
,
68
,
70
,
81
–
82
,
88
,
156
,
207
,
216

Cannizzaro, Stanislao,
134
–
35

“Can Quantum Mechanical Descriptions of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?” (Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen),
201
,
203
,
215

Cartan, Élie,
213
,
214

Castelli,
48
,
58

cathode rays,
149
,
150
,
152
–
53
,
154
,
157
,
175

Catholic Church,
10
,
35
,
37
,
46
,
252

attempts to return England to Catholicism,
81
–
82

and the Inquisition,
12
,
26
,
34
,
48
–
49
,
53
,
58

treatment of scientists,
12
,
37

Galileo Galilei,
12
,
47
–
49
,
53
,
58
–
59
,
61
–
62

Giordano Bruno,
12
,
46
,
55
.

See also
Christianity

Cavendish Laboratory,
156
,
173
,
177
,
178
,
180

celestial cosmology,
13
,
119

celestial mechanics,
22
,
66
,
72
–
73
,
74
,
75
,
117

distinction between celestial and terrestrial worlds,
13
,
23
,
36
,
45
,
47
,
49
,
64
,
77

orbits of planets,
20
–
21

circular orbits,
29
,
36
–
37
,
43
,
55
,
78

elliptical orbits,
10
–
11
,
38
–
39
,
43
,
53
,
55
,
68
,
73
,
78

and velocities and dimensions of planets,
40
,
41
,
43
,
66
.

See also
astronomy; geocentrism; heliocentrism

CERN.
See
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)

Chadwich, James,
177

Chaitin, Gregory,
223

Charles, Jacques,
125

Charlie Hebdo,
attack on,
254

“charm,”
212
,
213

Chemical Treatise on Air and Fire
(Scheele),
119

chemistry,
13
,
84
,
117
–
37
,
147
,
148
,
149
,
151
,
158
,
183
,
226

quantum chemistry,
182
–
83

Christianity

Arian Creed,
72

Athanasian Creed,
71
–
72

lack of rational credibility,
9
–
10
,
15
,
35
,
252

and Plato's philosophy,
21

transfer of Roman Empire to Constantinople,
32
–
33
.

See also
Anglicanism; Catholic Church; Protestant denominations

Christian News
(newspaper),
90

circular orbits of planets.
See
celestial mechanics

Classical World, The
(Fox),
17
,
25

Clausius, R.,
161

Clavelin, Maurice,
62

Cleisthenes,
17

clockwork universe,
11
,
37
,
41
,
64
,
91

Closing of the Western Mind: The Rise of Faith and the Fall of Reason, The
(Freeman),
222

Cohen, I. Bernard,
83
,
91

Collegio Romano,
47

Collins, John,
70
–
71

Collinson, Peter,
102

“Collision of Alpha Particles with Light Atoms” (Rutherford),
177

combining volumes, Gay-Lussac's law of,
128
–
30
,
133

combustion,
100
,
118
,
119
,
120
,
122
,
147

Commentaries on the Movement of Mars
(Kepler),
39

“common matter,”
104
–
105

common sense and robots,
234

commutative law,
191

complementarity,
181
,
202