The Wild Frontier (61 page)

200.
Ibid., 261.

201.
Goodrich, 262.

202.
Ibid., 262.

203.
Quoted in Matthiessen,
In the Spirit of Crazy Horse
, 170.

204.
Quoted in Brady,
Indian Fights and Fighters
, 289.

205.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 227.

206.
Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars
, 246.

207.
Marshall,
Crimsoned Prairie
, 155.

208.
Ibid., 155.

209.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 92.

210.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 4.

211.
Robinson,
A Good Year to Die
, 253.

212.
Quoted in Brady,
Indian Fights and Fighters
, 296.

213.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 73-74.

214.
Ibid., 157-58.

215.
Marshall,
Crimsoned Prairie
, 188.

216.
Debo,
A History of the Indians
, 263.

217.
Andrist,
Long Death
, 311. Their trek and Chief Joseph’s speech are described in the chapter on Indian characteristics.

218.
Quoted in Brandon,
Indians
, 317.

219.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 111.

220.
Waldman,
Encyclopedia
, 244-45.

221.
Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars
, 270-74.

222.
Quoted in Hays,
A Race at Bay
, 276-77.

223.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 392.

224.
Quoted in Josephy,
500 Nations
, 437.

225.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 392-93.

226.
Quoted in Brown,
Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee
, 416.

227.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 250.

228.
Brown,
Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee
, 435-36.

229.
Hays,
A Race at Bay
, 323.

230.
Quoted in Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars
, 295.

231.
Utley and Washburn, 297-98. There is irony in the fact that both Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull were killed after an arrest and with the participation of Indians.

232.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 24.

233.
Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars
, 298.

234.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 158

235.
Ibid., 158; Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars
, 299.

236.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 24.

237.
Axelrod,
Chronicles of the Indian Wars
, 253.

238.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 158.

239.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 24.

240.
Mooney, James,
The Ghost Dance Religion and Wounded Knee
(republished 1973), 867. Mooney was a well-known anthropologist who immediately after the battle investigated Wounded Knee. Similarly, Andrist, in
Long Death
, p. 348, quoted Whiteside as insisting “on nothing other than unconditional surrender, and the Sioux chief … was in no position to resist even if he had been of a mind to.”

241.
Marshall,
Crimsoned Prairie
, 239-44.

242.
Brandon,
Indians
, 349.

243.
Andrist,
Long Death
, 348.

244.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 254.

245.
Andrist,
Long Death
, 351.

246.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 158. Colonel Forsyth was later charged with the killing of innocents, but he was exonerated. Waldman,
Atlas
, 159. Wilson, in
The Earth Shall Weep
, pp. 284-85, asserted that the night before Wounded Knee, “the soldiers cracked open barrels of whisky and some of the Indians heard them drunkenly boasting that they would avenge the Little Big Horn.” No confirmation of these statements can be found, and of course Wilson gives no source.

247.
Andrist,
Long Death
, 350.

248.
Quoted in Marshall,
Crimsoned Prairie
, 242-43.

249.
Debo,
A History of the Indians
, 292.

250.
Marshall,
Crimsoned Prairie
, 243.

251.
Andrist,
Long Death
, 350.

252.
Debo,
A History of the Indians
, 293.

253.
Marshall,
Crimsoned Prairie
, 246.

254.
Quoted in Robinson,
A Good Year to Die
, 346.

255.
Brandon,
Indians
, 386.

256.
Josephy,
500 Nations
, 441.

257.
Debo,
A History of the Indians
, 293.

258.
Ibid., 292.

259.
Estimates of Indian dead (in alphabetical order) are 200 (Andrist,
Long Death
, 351); 153 and “most likely 300” (Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 255); 153 (Brown,
Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee
, 444); 146 (Debo,
A History of the Indians
, 293); 170 plus (Marshall,
Crimsoned Prairie
, 246); 150 plus (Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars
, 300); and 170 plus (Waldman,
Atlas
, 159).

260.
Estimates of soldier deaths are from Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 255 (25); Brown,
Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee
, 444 (25); Marshall,
Crimsoned Prairie
, 246 (60); Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars
, 300 (25); and Waldman,
Atlas
, 159 (25).

261.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 159.

262.
Andrist,
Long Death
, 352.

263.
Marshall,
Crimsoned Prairie
, 247.

264.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 255.

265.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 392-93.

266.
Robinson,
A Good Year to Die
, xxiii.

267.
Waldman,
Encyclopedia
, 224-27.

268.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 158.

269.
Tebbel and Jennison,
The American Indian Wars
, 303-4.

270.
Quoted in Robinson,
A Good Year to Die
, 346.

271.
Marshall,
Crimsoned Prairie
, 247.

272.
Mooney,
The Ghost Dance Religion
, 869-70.

273.
Marshall,
Crimsoned Prairie
, 243-44.

274.
Utley, Robert M.,
The Last Days of the Sioux Nation
(1973), 200-230, quoted in Washburn,
The Indian in America
, 222.

275.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 159.

276.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 255. The 400-year period is the time from the landing of Columbus in 1492 to Wounded Knee in 1890, but the war did not begin until 1622, although there were skirmishes before then.

277.
Gilbert,
God Gave Us This Country, 2.

278.
The phrase “atrocities connected with a death” needs to be explained. The death of a soldier or warrior killed in battle is not an atrocity without more. If his body is mutilated in some way, for example, his head cut off and stuck on a pole, that is an atrocity, although his death was not.

279.
Waldman,
Atlas, 166.

280.
Sheehan,
Seeds of Extinction
, 194.

281.
Washburn,
The Indian in America
, 132.

282.
Gilbert,
God Gave Us This Country
, 107.

283.
Carey, “A Study of the Indian Captivity Narratives,” 125.

284.
Wissler,
Indians of the United States
, 187.

285.
Washburn,
The Indian in America
, 207.

286.
West,
The Contested Plains
, 256.

287.
Jackson,
A Century of Dishonor
, xx-xxi.

288.
The Indianapolis Star
, October 3, 1993, C10.

289.
Gilbert,
God Gave Us This Country
, 294.

290.
Marshall,
Crimsoned Prairie
, 28.

291.
Ibid., 40.

292.
Kelly,
My Captivity Among the Sioux
, 143-44.

293.
Gilbert,
God Gave Us This Country
, 339-40.

294.
Brogan, Denis William,
The American Character
(1944), 10.

1.
Quoted in Prucha,
Documents of United States Indian Policy
, 131.

2.
Quoted in Dulles, Foster Rhea,
The United States Since 1865
(1959), 40-41.

3.
Quoted in Matthiessen,
In the Spirit of Crazy Horse
, 33.

4.
Matthiessen, 441.

5.
Andrist,
Long Death
, 154-55.

6.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 34.

7.
Driver,
Indians of North America
, 484.

8.
Matthiessen,
Indian Country
, 247.

9.
Quoted in Prucha,
Documents of United States Indian Policy
, 136.

10.
Quoted in Prucha, 136.

11.
Ibid., 136.

12.
Debo,
A History of the Indians
, 118.

13.
Spicer,
The American Indians
, 199.

14.
Quoted in Bordewich,
Killing the White Man’s Indian
, 312.

15.
Washburn,
The Indian in America
, 82. Felix Cohen is described as “the nation’s foremost expert on Indian law”; his book,
Handbook of Federal Indian Law
, is “the deepest reservoir of knowledge in its field and the bible of Indian rights advocates.” Lazarus,
Black Hills/ White Justice
, 185.

16.
Hagan,
American Indians
, 56. It is not clear whether he was speaking of just Governor Harrison’s tenure or of the entire period from 1783.

17.
Andrist,
Long Death
, 8.

18.
Quoted in Prucha,
Documents of United States Indian Policy
, 231.

19.
Lazarus,
Black Hills/White Justice
, 392-94.

20.
Matthiessen, in
Indian Country
, p. 5, asserted without authority and contrary to law that the right of the tribes to stand upon the land was “inalienable.”

21.
Bordewich,
Killing the White Man’s Indian
, 36, 104; Lazarus,
Black Hills/ White Justice
, 117, 413, 417.

22.
Quoted in Prucha,
Documents of United States Indian Policy
, 35-37.

23.
30
American Jurisprudence
, 465, citing
Downes vs. Bidwell
, 182 US 244, and
United States vs. Huckabee
, 16 Wall 414.

24.
Spicer,
The American Indians, 47.

25.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 110.

26.
Marshall,
Crimsoned Prairie
, 14.

27.
Prucha,
Documents of United States Indian Policy
, 140.

28.
Waldman,
Atlas, 166-67.

29.
Nash,
Red, White, and Black
, 300.

30.
Hagan,
American Indians
, 94.

31.
Washburn,
The Indian in America
, 106-7.

32.
Bordewich,
Killing the White Man’s Indian
, 180.

33.
Catlin,
Letters and Notes
, 488.

34.
Ibid., 487.

35.
Ibid., 491.

36.
Waldman,
Atlas, 166
(map).

37.
Washburn,
The Indian in America
, 105-6.

38.
Tebbel and Jennison,
The American Indian Wars
, 20.

39.
Nash,
Red, White, and Black
, 78.

40.
Washburn,
The Indian in America
, 105.

41.
Andrist,
Long Death
, 14.

42.
Ibid., 15.

43.
Catlin,
Letters and Notes
, 489. Debo, in
A History of the Indians
, p. 154, added that measles would be treated by a steam bath followed by plunging into cold water.

44.
Wilson,
The Earth Shall Weep
, 76. Apparently no other author mentions bubonic plague among the Indians. The disease almost vanished in the late 1800s, but entered New York City in 1899 and San Francisco the next year. It also appeared in New Orleans and Seattle. Fortunately, it has been stamped out wherever it has appeared in the United States.
World Book
, vol. 2, 545.

45.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 160.

46.
Ibid., 54.

47.
Ibid., 83.

48.
Ibid., 84.

49.
Ibid., 89.

50.
Hobhouse, Henry,
Seeds of Change
(1985), 39.

51.
Ambrose,
Undaunted Courage
, 196.

52.
Catlin,
Letters and Notes
, 228.

53.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 60.

54.
American Cancer Society,
Cancer Facts and Figures—1993
, 21.

55.
Nash,
Red, White, and Black
, 267.